Fordland is a city in Webster County, Missouri, United States. The population was 684 at the 2000 census.

Demographics
Near Fordland there are the KOZK Broadcast Tower and the KYTV Tower

Donald Dufresne (born April 10, 1967 in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.
Dufresne started his National Hockey League career with the Montreal Canadiens in 1989. He would also play for the Tampa Bay Lightning, Los Angeles Kings, St. Louis Blues, and Edmonton Oilers. He would win a Stanley Cup with the 1993 Canadiens.
Dufresne is now an assistant coach and assistant GM of the Rimouski Oceanic hockey team, in the Quebec Junior Major Hockey League.

Anarchism
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Anarchist People of Color is an anarchist/anti-authoritarian tendency created to address issues of race, anti-authoritarianism and people of color struggle politics within the context of anarchism), and to increase/create political (safe)space for people of color.
Initially started as an e-mail list and website by Ernesto Aguilar, APOC is inspired and influenced by such historical anarchists of color as Lucy Parsons, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Ricardo Flores Magon, Praxedis Guerrero, Martin Sostre, and Luisa Capetillo.
APOC is not a centrally organized group, but a loosely organized network of individuals, collectives and cells. APOC has also been known to use such tactics/strategies as what they call APOC Blocs and tend to be direct action oriented.
APOC held its first (official) national conference on the campus of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan, in 2003.
In Spring 2007, the APOC website went offline. Another site, Illvox, appeared in July 2007 as a mirror of previous APOC site content, and to continue posting of articles. Illvox, as stated in its about page, is unaffiliated with APOC.

Beira is the second largest city in Mozambique. It lies in the central region of the country in Sofala Province, where the Pungue River meets the Indian Ocean. It had a population of 412,588 in 1997 and an estimated 546,000 in 2006. It holds the regionally-significant Port of Beira which acts as a gateway for both the central interior portion of the country as well as the land-locked nations of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi.

History
Attractions in the city include its cathedral, lighthouse and Macuti Beach. It is also home to an airport and lies at the end of a railway line to Harare. There are a few restaurants of note in the area that are up to par for tourists. Bique's (threatened by the sea waters) is a restaurant located on an attractive stretch of beach along the southeastern edge of the city some kilometers from the city center and serves several traditional African dishes as well as some South African cuisine. Another restaurant located within the heart of downtown is called Kanimambo and is owned by a native Macanese couple that serves authentic (and very good, even by Western standards) Chinese food. Both restaurants are easily located by asking directions.
The only notable hotel for tourists is called the Tivoli and is located downtown, near Kanimambo. The rooms are small but clean, and unless you know someone with a nice place in town you'll be hard pressed to find anything better. There are some good alternatives in the form of Macuti housing complex, another nice lodge by the Macuti Lighthouse, and a good simple pension on Eduardo Mondlane Avenue.
In the city itself there is very little to see in the way of tourist attractions. Beira does not cater for the mass-tourist, but can be very interesting to the photographer with many places of great human, architectural and nature value. If you are interested in a bit of history you might want to swing by the Grande Hotel Beira, which was built by the Portuguese to be an exquisite hotel but was abandoned before opening when Mozambique gained its independence of the colonial rulers and is now occupied by several hundred squatters.
If you make your way towards the east, away from the city, on the opposite side of the peninsula (bordered on the west by the a large ocean inlet/river and on the east by the Indian Ocean) on which the city is located you will find some very beautiful, pristine white-sand beaches and no one else in sight for miles. Here and there as you head north you will encounter small villages and if you time your visit right you will find fishermen coming home with their catches. Pay particular attention to their prawns (camarāo), which are delicious and which they will sell to you at a very low price if you know how to negotiate and if you're willing to prepare (de-shell) and cook them yourself. Prawns can also be obtained right southwest of the downtown area, on the beach, usually early in the mornings. There is a large market in the area and it is hard to miss.
Two tourists were recently murdered at Macuti beach at night, so extra precaution should be taken in that area. Security is a serious issue in Beria, and if you walk around with money, cellphone or camera and look like a tourist, be it in city center or on isolated stretches of beach, you can get into trouble. General rule is to not take anything except for some hand money when going around. Carrying a handgun or knife for personal protection is recommended.
Heading north along the only highway that leaves the city you will soon come across the entrance to the old Gorongosa national park. Absolutely worth seeing if you have the time and willingness to rough it through the overgrown roads and paths and a relative lack of infrastructure. The government still stations a few rangers in the park and there is rapid work being done to restore the park to its former glory, but there is much left undone. Do not expect a comfy, hand-holding safari, but many will find the potential rewards of a trek through a virtually untouched game reserve worth the hassle and risks.
These days, nice places to visit include the Nautico's for food and sea, Biques and Pappas (best food but also expensive), eat some "pastelaria" in the city center or visit the local markets.
Another highlight is Savane, which is a small camp with restaurant and beach outside Beira. The water is a bit more transparent, the food ok and the boat trip over the river a nice bit of fun. You will need a 4x4 to traverse the dirt road to Savane from Beira. It takes approximately 1 hour to drive 30 km on this road when it is in (relatively) good condition.
Rio Maria is also worth visiting, and is an estuary. There are no facilities. Main attractions are the natural beauty and people.

Riverdale is a river valley neighbourhood located just east of the downtown core in the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It's boundaries on the east and south are the North Saskatchewan River. Immediately across the river to the south is another Edmonton river valley neighbourhood--Cloverdale. Riverdale shares the approaches to the Low Level Bridge with a third river valley neighborhood, Rossdale. To the north, is the neighbourhood of Boyle Street. Riverdale's boundary with the downtown core runs approximately along Grierson Hill Road.
The neighbourhood was a popular site with early residents of the city of Edmonton, and soon had both a lumbermill and brickyard with fuel supplied by coal mined from nearby cliffs in the river valley.
Today, approximately one residential dwelling in four dates from before 1946. Most of the rest of the homes were built over the next 40 years, with only one dwelling in ten dating from 1985 or later.
There is one school, Riverdale School, located in the neighbourhood.
The neighbourhood also has several parks: Allan Stein Park, Dawson Park, Louise McKinney Park, and Louise McKinney Riverfront Park.

Fresno is the sixth-largest city in California and the county seat of Fresno County, with an official Census Bureau estimated population of 481,035 as of July 1, 2007. It is located in the expansive Central Valley. The city is the cultural and economic center of the Fresno metropolitan area. Following Sacramento Fresno is the second-largest metropolitan area in California's Central Valley with a population of 1,002,284.

Government
See also: List of mayors of Fresno, California
† Died in office
2000-present Alan Autry
1993-2000 Jim Patterson
1989-1993 Karen Humphrey
1985-1989 Dale Doig
1977-1985 Dan Whitehurst
1969-1977 Ted C. Wills
1965-1969 Floyd H. Hyde
1964-1965 Wallace Henderson (acting)
1958-1964 Arthur L. Selland †
1957-1958 C. Cal Evans
1949-1957 Gordan D. Dunn
1947 Glenn M. Devore (acting)
1941-1947 Z.S. Leymel †
1937-1941 Frank A. Homan
1929-1937 Z.S. Leymel
1925-1929 A.E. Sunderland
1921-1925 Truman C. Hart
1917-1921 William F. Toomey
1912-1917 Alva E. Snow
1909-1912 Chester Rowell †
1908-1909 Ed. F. Bush (acting)
1905-1908 W. Parker Lyon
1901-1905 L.O. Stephens Mayor
Previous to 1901, Fresno was governed by a board of trustees.
27 Oct 1895-1901 C.J. Craycroft
15 Apr 1889-unknown A.J. Pedlar
31 Oct 1887-15 Apr 1889 A.M. Clark
25 Apr 1887-31 Oct 1887 W.L. Graves
27 Oct 1885-25 Apr 1887 William Faymonville President, Board of Trustees
City council is made up of seven members, elected by district:

District 1 (west-central) - Blong Xiong
District 2 (northwest) - Brian Calhoun
District 3 (southwest) - Cynthia Sterling
District 4 (east-central) - Larry Westerlund
District 5 (southeast) - Mike Dages
District 6 (northeast) - Jerry Duncan
District 7 (central) - Henry T. Perea City Council
Fresno is the seat of the 5th Appellate District of the State Court of Appeals, the Fresno County Superior Court and the Fresno Division of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California. In 2006, a new federal courthouse building was opened in the downtown area.

Courts
Fresno serves as the economic hub of Fresno County and California's Central Valley. While the unincorporated area and rural cities surrounding Fresno remain predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production, urban/suburban Fresno has undergone significant economic transformation in recent years.
Agriculture's decreasing role in the urban economy is reflected in the decreasing reliance on agricultural employment in the County. Currently, just twenty percent of employment results from agriculture, a significant decrease from just 20 years ago. This transformation has led to increased friction between rural and urban interests, as land is converted to non-agricultural use and resources such as water go increasingly to more urban uses such as industry and housing.
The City's current economy is led by Fresno's position as the hub for education, healthcare, government and professional services for the Central Valley of California. Construction employment has rapidly expanded as residential and commercial construction underwent a recent prolonged period of expansion. Food processing has led the manufacturing sector with such notable companies as Sun-Maid, David Sunflower Seeds, Kraft Foods, Foster Farms Dairy, and the Foster Farms poultry company. Companies specializing in machinery manufacturing, medical devices and water technology are also present. Distribution has many centers in the city, led by the 80 acre site of the Gap Pacific Distribution Center. Public sector employment is also a major contributor to the city's economy with the City of Fresno, Fresno Unified School District, the County of Fresno, Community Hospitals and the regional operations center of the Internal Revenue Service as the largest employers.

Economy
Fresno is located at 36°46′54″N, 119°47′32″W (36.781549, -119.792113).

Geography
Fresno has relatively mild winters and very hot summers.

Climate
As of the census of 2000, there were 427,652 people, 140,079 households, and 97,915 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,582.2 km² (4,097.7 mi²). There were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 551.3 km² (1,427.9 mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 50.17% White, 8.36% Black or African American, 1.58% Native American, 11.23% Asian (mostly Hmong), 0.14% Pacific Islander, 23.36% from other races, and 5.16% from two or more races. 39.87% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 140,079 households out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 17.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.57.
In the city the population was spread out with 32.9% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was US$32,236, and the median income for a family was US$35,892. Males had a median income of US$32,279 versus US$26,551 for females. The per capita income for the city was US$15,010. About 20.5% of families and 26.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Demographics

California State University, Fresno
Fresno Pacific University (Private/Mennonite Brethren)
University of California, San Francisco - Fresno Medical Education Program
San Joaquin College of Law (Private)
Mennonite Brethren Biblical Seminary
California Christian College (Private/Baptist)
Alliant International University (Private)
National University
University of Phoenix
Maric College - Fresno
Fresno City College
Willow-International Community College Center
San Joaquin Valley College
Heald College
Fresno Unified School District (Public)
Clovis Unified School District (Public)
Central Unified School District (Public)
West Fresno Elementary School District (Public)
Fresno Christian (Private)
Carden School Of Fresno (Private)
San Joaquin Memorial High School (Private)
St Anthony Elementary School (Private)
Fairmont Private School (Private) Education
The County of Fresno was formed in 1856. It was named for the abundant mountain ash trees lining the San Joaquin River. Fresno is the Spanish word for white ash trees. The county was much larger than it is today, comprising its current area plus all of what became Madera County and parts of what are now San Benito, Tulare, Kings, Inyo, and Mono counties.
Millerton, then on the banks of the free-flowing San Joaquin River and close to Fort Miller, became the county seat after becoming a focal point for settlers. Other early county settlements included Firebaugh's Ferry, Scottsburg, and Elkhorn Springs.
The San Joaquin River flooded on Christmas Eve, 1867, inundating Millerton. Some residents rebuilt, others moved. Flooding also destroyed the town of Scottsburg that winter. Rebuilt on higher ground, Scottsburg was renamed Centerville.
In 1867, Anthony Easterby purchased land bounded by the present Chestnut, Belmont, Clovis and California avenues. Unable to grow wheat for lack of water, he hired Moses J. Church in 1871 to build an irrigation canal. Church then formed the Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company, a predecessor of the Fresno Irrigation District.
In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's farm for its new Southern Pacific line. Soon there was a store. Around the station and the store grew the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885.
Two years after the station was established, county residents voted to move the county seat from Millerton to Fresno. When the Friant Dam was completed in 1944, the site of Millerton became inundated by the waters of Millerton Lake. In extreme droughts, when the reservoir shrinks, ruins of the original county seat can still be observed.
In the nineteenth century, with so much wooden construction and in the absence of sophisticated firefighting resources, fires often ravaged American frontier towns. The greatest of Fresno's early-day fires, in 1882, destroyed an entire block of the city. Another devastating blaze struck in 1883.
The Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill was the first modern landfill in the United States, and incorporated several important innovations to waste disposal, including trenching, compacting, and the daily covering of trash with dirt. It was opened in 1937 and closed in 1987. Today, it has the unusual distinction of being a National Historic Landmark as well as a Superfund Site.

Origins and history

Neighborhoods
Through the 1990s, downtown was one of the last remaining examples of untouched 20th century architecture in California, but it has recently been subjected to a mixed revitalization effort. While many of the buildings that were once abandoned for many years have been remodeled, many have been demolished or are under threat of being demolished to be replaced with new structures. Recently added new structures such as Grizzlies Stadium, now Chukchansi Park and the Federal Courthouse, and plans to eventually erect new high-rise buildings, threaten the unique and increasingly rare twentieth century architecture.
A victim of this redevelopment was the Vagabond Hotel, unique in its relevance in popular culture. The Vagabond, which had a pool that was an important location in modern skateboarding history and a prime example of mid-century modern googie "roadside" architecture, was demolished in 2004 and replaced by concrete commercial lots and lofts in 2006. The old Army Induction Center, which was used during the Vietnam War, was also recently destroyed in the next development project on H St and Amador.
The historic Fulton Mall and Chinatown are two downtown areas which still retain an exceptional amount of historic buildings and architecture of contextual, associative and memorial value in comparison with other cities of California and the Western United States, and are being considered for preservation as historic districts.
Currently under construction downtown is "Old Armenian Town," which advertises office space and lofts with completion expected in 2007.

Downtown
One of Fresno's first affluent areas, Sunnyside is located on Fresno's far east side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. While now considered less affluent than other sections of Fresno, it is still home to notable residents.

Sunnyside
A historic community set among mature trees, Old Fig Garden has long been one Fresno's most prestigious neighborhoods. The Fig Garden is an area of approximately 6 mi², once on the northern fringe of Fresno, but the city has since incorporated all of the surrounding land, making Fig Garden a county "island." The city's annual "Christmas Tree Lane" is found on a section of Van Ness Boulevard during the holiday season.

Old Fig Garden
Centered around the Historic Tower Theatre, just north of downtown Fresno, this vibrant and culturally diverse area of shops and homes has been restored after a significant decline in the mid-1990s. The neighborhood features restaurants and nightclubs, as well as many independent shops and bookstores. Today, the Tower District serves as the center of Fresno's LGBT community.

Tower District
Homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic Alta Vista Tract. The surrounding streets, Kerckhoff and Balch Avenues, have homes from the Arts and Crafts era which, like the downtown, are being renovated and brought back to their historic roots. During Christmas, the homes along the boulevard are adorned with lights and decorations. The nation's tallest living Christmas Tree, located at Huntington and 6th Street, is the highlight of the event.

Huntington Boulevard
Van Ness Avenue transforms from a downtown "main street" into a boulevard that leads to Fresno's most expensive and expansive estates. As it passes through the Tower District and Old Fig Garden there are many historic homes and estates of gradually increasing profile to be seen.

Van Ness
Named after early 20th century entrepreneur and billionaire M. Theo Kearney, Kearney Boulevard extends from Fresno Street in downtown Fresno about 20 mi (32 km) west to Kerman, California. The part of the road within the city limits features large, early 20th century homes. A small, two-lane rural road for most of its length, Kearney Boulevard is lined with tall palm trees.

Kearney Boulevard
Formed in 1946, Sierra Sky Park Airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads. Developer William Smilie thus created the nation's first planned aviation community. Still in operation today, the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood which spawned interest and similar communities nationwide.

Sierra Sky Park

Calwa
Highway City
Pinedale
Tarpey Village Unincorporated Communities
The Met displays traveling exhibitions, shows from its own collection, lectures and other outreach programming. The museum also has a science center called the Reeves ASK Science Center that was developed in partnership with San Francisco's Exploratorium. The museum's historic home in The Fresno Bee Building is currently closed for renovations, and is scheduled to reopen in late 2007. In the meantime, the Reeves ASK Science Center has been relocated to 933 Van Ness Avenue in downtown Fresno. The Met participates in Fresno's ArtHop program, and hosts outreach events and fund raisers on an annual basis, including First Friday Films, Christmas at the Met and a science-education based Bubble Festival.
Arte Américas is a local Latino cultural center. Arte Américas was founded in 1987 by artists and teachers "To make the Central Valley a flourishing place for Latino arts." It presents art exhibits and the performing arts.
The only exhibition of all San Joaquin Valley wines, regional art, and gourmet foodstuffs presented to the people of the San Joaquin Valley and beyond. The Fall Wine Cornucopia occurs every October in Downtown Fresno. The San Joaquin Valley produces 60% of all of the wine in California, and much of that production is centered around Fresno.
The museum is located in Radio Park, and puts up a rotating series of exhibits. It participates in the monthly Art Hop, and has a variety of film programs, including classic films, anime, and international selections. Fresno Art Museum is also home to Rhythms of Art, a ground-breaking program founded by Fresno composer and jazz pianist Armen Nalbandian, in which music is composed and performed for featured exhibits. Additionally, the museum hosts the Fresno Poets' Association readings in the Bonner Auditorium.
The Fresno Grand Opera produces internationally-acclaimed opera and world-class concerts.
Blackstone Ave. is the major North-South artery of Fresno. Blackstone Ave. is formed by two one-way streets Abbey St. and Blackstone Ave. merging into one just north of Olive Ave. After the merger, Blackstone is a 6-laned street zoned soley for business and tends to house more retail businesses rather than Office space like that of Shaw Ave. Blackstone stretches from Divsadero (which starts Downtown Fresno and the diagaonalization of downtown streets) and just north of Ness Ave in the North where it ends and Friant Rd. picks up. Blackstone serves as an East-West divider for many of Fresno's major Avenues, because of its location in the center of Fresno. Blackstone is home to River Park and many of Fresno's attractions.
The Fresno Philharmonic, under the baton of music director, Theodore Kuchar, is a non-profit organization whose sustainability depends on contributions from the community. It is the largest professional orchestra between San Francisco and Los Angeles, with its stated mission, to provide high-quality classical music and music education programs to audiences and school children throughout the Central Valley.
The Fresno Arts Council holds a monthly featuring artists in the Fresno area and is held every first Thursday of the month. One of the biggest art events takes place during the annual Rogue Performance Festival in March.
The Save Mart Center is a newer professional-level indoor arena (cap:16,000) completed in 2003, located at the Shaw Avenue and Hwy 168 interchange in NE Fresno. It has hosted a wide range of music acts, from The Rolling Stones to Madonna, as well as a huge variety of other events. It is currently the home of the Fresno State Men's & Women's Basketball teams and the Fresno Falcons hockey team of the ECHL.And the WWE wrestling has been to the center 3 times}
The Forestiere Underground Gardens in northwest Fresno near Highway 99, is a spectacular subterranean creation built by Baldasare Forestiere over a period of 40 years. It features nearly one hundred chambers, passageways, courts and patios, dug beneath the hard pan soil. Fruit-bearing trees planted below the ground protrude through openings at ground level. Forestiere resided here, benefiting from cooler temperatures during the high heat of the Central Valley in summer as well as warmer conditions within the ground during winter. The Gardens are an impressive example of non-traditional vernacular architecture. Forestiere's creation and his story offer parallels to Simon Rodia and the Watts Towers, both Italian-immigrants born in 1879, settling in California and creating one-of-a-kind residences by hand and in seclusion. For a fictionalized account of Forestiere and his obsession, see the short story "The Underground Gardens" by T. Coraghessan Boyle, published in The New Yorker, (May 25, 1998).
Fresno Filmworks brings films to Fresno that would not generally be seen at the movie mega-plexes. They show foreign, art, and independent films from around the world on the second Friday of each month (December is the only exception) and in May they hold a three day long Annual Film Festival. All showings are at the historic Tower Theatre.
Fresno Reel Pride is one of the oldest and largest LGBT film festivals in the United States. Now located in the historic Tower Theatre and at the nearby Starline, Reel Pride is a celebration of gay and lesbian cinema and has been recognized as a premiere cultural event in central California. Fresno Reel Pride presents an annual five-day film festival each September in addition to special film screenings throughout the year.
The Rogue is a non-juried arts festival that celebrates the independent performer and artist. This typically-in-March annual event comprises theatre, music, dance, film, performance art, puppetry, spoken word, storytelling, visual arts and more. It has the typical elements of a Fringe Festival... but with a "21st century sensibility".

Cultural and commercial attractions

Jenifer Alcorn - Retired female professional boxer
Planet Asia - Rapper
Rob Aston - Vocalist, Transplants
Phil Austin - Writer; actor; The Firesign Theatrecomedy troupe
Alan Autry - Actor; mayor of Fresno
Ross Bagdasarian, Jr. - Actor; singer; musician
Robert Beltran - Actor, Star Trek Voyager
Laura Berg - Olympic gold medalist softball player
Deborah Blum - Fresno Bee Pulitzer Prize winner
Frenchy Bordagaray - Baseball player
Bruce Bowen - NBA player, San Antonio Spurs
Gregory "Pappy" Boyington - WWII ace, retired to Fresno
Ernie C. - Guitarist for Body Count
David Carr - Carolina Panthers quarterback
Ron Catalano - Saxophonist, clarinetist, flautist
Frank Chance - Baseball Hall of Famer
Cher, aka Cherilyn Sarkisian - Singer; actress; Fresno High School alumna
Mike Connors, aka Krekor Ohanian - Actor, Mannix
Victor Conte - BALCO founder
Young Corbett III - Professional boxer
Jim Costa - U.S. House of Representatives
Tyrone Culver - Green Bay Packers NFL player
Trent Dilfer - San Francisco 49ers quarterback
Henry Ellard - Former NFL wide receiver
Johnny Estrada - MLB player
William Everson - Poet
Kevin Federline - Dancer; singer; professional wrestler
Andy Finch - US Olympic snowboarding team
Tom Flores - first Hispanic-American quarterback in professional football; Oakland Raiders head coach
Mac Foster - Professional boxer
Lamb and Lynx Gaede - Members of white nationalist band Prussian Blue
Mark Gardner - MLB pitcher
Matt Garza - MLB pitcher
Fred Gerhardt - Automotive pioneer
Matt Giordano - Indianapolis Colts NFL safety
Bill Glasson - PGA Tour golfer
Tom Goodwin - MLB player
Kenny Guinn - Former Governor of Nevada
Sid Haig - actor
Brandon Hancock - USC fullback; fitness expert
Victor Davis Hanson - Scholar; historian; author
David Harris - Vietnam War draft resistance leader
Rusty Holland Former Professional Motocross Racer
Pat Howell - Football player
Rex Hudler - Former MLB player
Jean Janzen - Award winning poet
Chris Jefferies - Basketball player
Adam Jennings - Atlanta Falcons NFL player
Bill Jones - Former California secretary of state
Bobby Jones - Former MLB pitcher
Gary Jules - Singer
Kirk Kerkorian - Billionaire businessman
Joanna Kerns - Actress from Growing Pains, McLane High School alumna
Richard Kiel - Actor
Daryle Lamonica - Former Oakland Raiders Football player
Claude "Pop" Laval - Photographer; historian
Steven Anthony Lawrence - Actor
Philip Levine - Poet
Larry Levis - Poet
Brook Lopez - Basketball player
Hector Lizarraga - former IBF boxer
Ricky Manning, Jr. - Chicago Bears NFL player
Steve Hosey - Former MLB player
J. P. Manoux - Actor
Richard Marshall - NFL player
Bob Mathias - Olympic Gold Medal Decathlete; U.S. congressman
Marcus McCauley - Minnesota Vikings NFL Player
Kevin F. McCready - Psychologist; contributor to anti-psychiatry movement
Audra McDonald - Actress; singer
Tim McDonald - Former Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers NFL Player
Barry McGuire - Rock/folk singer; songwriter
Barbara Morgan - Astronaut; educator
Armen Nalbandian - Musician, Composer
Lorenzo Neal - San Diego Chargers NFL fullback
Sam Peckinpah - Writer; director
Chuck Poochigian - California state senator
James Porteous - Inventor
Les Richter - NFL player
Vic Roznovsky - 1966 World Series winner
Johnny Russell - Singer; songwriter
William Saroyan - Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright; novelist
Gary Scelzi - Four-time NHRA champion
Tom Seaver - Hall of Fame baseball pitcher
Juan Serrano - Flamenco guitarist
David Seville, aka Ross Bagdasarian - songwriter; recording artist
Dennis Springer - Former MLB pitcher
"Boogaloo" Sam Solomon - Dancer; creator of Popping dance style
Gary Soto - Author; poet
DeShawn Stevenson - NBA player
Jerry Tarkanian - Former NCAA basketball head coach
Benjamin Tosi - US Bocce champion
Brian Turner - Poet
Bill Vukovich - Two-time Indianapolis 500 winner
Nick Watney - PGA Tour golfer
Marcus Wesson - Convicted of filicide
Del Webb - Real estate developer
Ickey Woods - Former Cincinnati Bengals fullback Notable residents

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Fresno Magazine
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Fresno has eight sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI).

Kochi, Japan
Lahore, Pakistan
Mashhad, Iran
Morogoro, Tanzania
Münster, Germany
Taraz, Kazakhstan
Torreón, Mexico
Verona, Italy
Catubig, Samar, Philippines
Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines Sister Cities

Transportation
Fresno is served by a main north/south freeway California State Highway 99. Other highways include the California State Highway 168 (Sierra Freeway), which is an east-west bound freeway that leads to the city of Clovis and Huntington Lake, California State Highway 41 (Yosemite Freeway/Eisenhower Freeway) that comes into Fresno from the south via Atascadero, and California State Highway 180(Kings Canyon Freeway) that comes from the west via Mendota and from the east in Kings Canyon National Park.
Fresno is known for being the largest American city not directly linked to an Interstate highway. Perhaps in light of this, but probably more because of increasing traffic on Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, much discussion has been made to upgrade CA-99 to interstate standards and, eventually, incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway.

Highways
Fresno Yosemite International Airport (FAT)/(FYI), until recently "Fresno Air Terminal", provides regularly scheduled commercial airline service. The airport serves an estimated 1.3 million passengers annually to domestic and two international destinations.
Fresno Chandler Executive Airport (FCH) is located 2 mi (3 km) southwest of Downtown Fresno. Built in the 1920s, it is one of the oldest operational airports in California. The airport currently serves as a general aviation airport.
Sierra Sky Park Airport, located in Northwest Fresno, is a privately owned airport, but is open to the public. The airport was America's first aviation community. Extra-wide streets surrounding the airport allow for residents of the community to land, taxi down extra-wide avenues, and park in the driveway at home.

Airports
Passenger rail service is provided by Amtrak San Joaquins. The main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic Santa Fe Railroad Depot located in Downtown Fresno. The Bakersfield-Bay area mainlines of the BNSF and UP railroads cross in Fresno; the San Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city.

Public transportation

Japanese American internment

Jeremiah Clarke (c. 1674 - December 1, 1707) was an English baroque composer.
Thought to have been born in London in 1674, Clarke was a pupil of John Blow at St Paul's Cathedral. He later became organist at the Chapel Royal. "A violent and hopeless passion for a very beautiful lady of a rank superior to his own" caused him to commit suicide by shooting himself. He was succeeded in his post by William Croft.
Clarke is now best remembered for the popular keyboard piece attributed to him, the Prince of Denmark's March, commonly called the Trumpet Voluntary and attributed for a long time to Henry Purcell. The piece is actually taken from the semi-opera The Island Princess, a joint musical production of Clarke and Daniel Purcell (Henry Purcell's younger brother), which is probably the reason for the confusion.

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Polish Legions (Polish Legiony Polskie) was the name of Polish armed forces created in August of 1914 in Galicia. Thanks to the efforts of KSSN and the Polish members of the Austrian parliament, the unit became an independent formation of the Austro-Hungarian Army. They were composed mostly of former members of various scouting organisations, including Drużyny Strzeleckie and Związek Strzelecki, as well as volunteers from all around the empire.
Józef Piłsudski in his order of 22 August declared formations of the Legions, but Austrian government officially agreed to it only on 27 August.
Initially the Polish Legions were composed of two legions: the Eastern and the Western (both formed on 27 August, Eastern disbanded on 21 September). On 19 December they were transformed into three brigades.
The commanders of the Legions were:
The Legions took part in many battles against the forces of Imperial Russia, both in Galicia and in the Carpathian Mountains. Initially both the number of troops and the composition of units were changing rapidly. This changed after Piłsudski resigned his post in September 1916 and the Polish Legions were renamed to Polish Auxiliary Corps (Polski Korpus Posilkowy). In June 1916 the unit had approximately 25 000 soldiers.
After the Act of November 5 and the creation of puppet Kingdom of Poland, the Polish Legions were transferred under German command. However, most of the members of legionists denied to swear allegiance to the emperor and were interned in Beniaminów and Szczypiorno (Oath crisis). Approximately 3 000 of them were drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army or the German Polnische Wehrmacht and sent to the Italian Front, while approximately 7 500 stayed in the Austrian Polish Auxiliary Corps.
After the war the officers of the Polish Legions became the backbone of the Polish Army.

I Brigade of the Polish Legions under Józef Piłsudski
II Brigade of the Polish Legions under Józef Haller de Hallenburg
III Brigade of the Polish Legions under Zygmunt Zieliński and later Bolesław Roja, formed on 8 May 1915
Artillery Regiment
other units
Gen. Karol Trzaska-Durski (September 1914 – February 1916)
Gen. Stanisław Puchalski (until November 1916)
Col. Stanisław Szeptycki (until April 1917)
Col. Zygmunt Zieliński (until August 1917) Battles

Battle of Nowy Korczyn (23-24 September 1914)
Battle of Anielin-Laski (October 21–October 26, 1914)
Battle of Mołotkowo (October 29, 1914)
Battle of Krzywopłoty (17-18 November 1914)
Battle of Marcinkowice (5-6 December 1914)
Battle of Łowczówek (December 22–December 25, 1914)
Battle of Pustki (2 May 1915)
Battle of Konary (May 16–May 25, 1915)
Battles of Rafajłowa, Kirlibaba and Rarańcza (June 13, 1915)
Battle of Rokitna (15 June 1915)
Battle of Jastków (July 29–July 31, 1915)
Battle of Kostiuchnówka (July 4–July 6, 1916)
Battle of Krechowce (24 July 1917)
Battle of Rarańcza (15-16 February 1918)

Greek colonization
Although some confusion exists as to the exact territory Rome inherited, by 78 BC it was organized as one administrative province together with Crete. It became a senatorial province in 20 BC, like its far more prominent western neighbor Africa proconsularis, and unlike Egypt itself which became an imperial domain sui generis (under a special governor styled praefectus augustalis) in 30 BC.
The Tetrarchy reforms of Diocletian in 296 changed the administrative structure. Cyrenaica was split into two provinces: Libya Superior comprised the above-mentioned Pentapolis with Vyrene as capital, and Libya Inferior the Marmarica (only significant city now the port Paraetonium), each under a governor of the modest rank of praeses. Both belonged to the Diocese of Egypt, within the praetorian prefecture of Oriens. Its western neighbor Tripolitania, the largest split-off from Africa proconsularis, became part of the Diocese of Africa, subordinate to the prefecture of Italia et Africa. After the earthquake of 365, the capital was moved to Ptolemais. After the Empire's division, Cyrenaica became part of the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire, bordering Tripolitania, now belonging to the Vandal Kingdom to the west, until its conquest by Belisarius in 533.

Roman province
The area of the Pentapolis is believed to be where Saint Mark the Evangelist was born and where he returned after preching with Saint Paul in Colosse (Col 4:10) and Rome (Phil 24; 2 Tim 4:11); from Pentapolis he made his way to Alexandria..
The Eparchy of the Western Pentapolis was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria as the Pope of Alexandria was the Pope of Arica, The most senior position in The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church after the Pope was the Metropolitan of Western Pentapolis, but since its demise in the days of Pope John VI of Alexandria as a major Archiepiscopal Metropolis and now being held as a Titular See attached to another Diocese.
After often being destroyed and then restored, during the Roman period it became a mere borough but was, nevertheless, the site of a bishopric. Its bishop, Zopyros (Zephyrius is a mistake), was present at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. The subscriptions at Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451) give the names of two other bishops, Zenobius and Theodorus. The see must have disappeared when the Arabs conquered the Pentapolis in 643-44.
Although it retained the title "Pentapolis", the ecclesiastic province actually included all of the Cyrenaica, and not just the five cities and Pentapolis remains included in the title of both Popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria.

Muslim and modern history

List of Kings of Cyrene
1911 Treaty of Lausanne
Cyrenaics philosophical school
Pentapolis (North Africa)

A Biographical Dictionary of Railway Engineers, by John Marshall (b. 1 May 1922).
This book summarises the lives of more than 600 engineers from Europe and North America. Each biographical entry is in summary form and concludes with a list of references. It includes an index, but no illustrations. A typical entry begins with the subject's birth and death dates, with places, and deals chronologically with the subject's railway career. Any writings by the subject are noted, and the concluding section gives page references to where the information came from, usually from technical periodicals. The concluding index is of railway companies world wide and notes the engineers who worked for them.
The second edition now covers 752 names. A review of it appers in Journal of Transport History, March 2004. [1]
1978 edition pub. David & Charles, Newton Abbot. 252pp. ISBN 0-7153-7489-3
2003 edition pub. Railway and Canal Historical Society, Oxford. 206pp. ISBN 0-901461-22-9

Ronald Harry Coase (b. December 29, 1910) is a British economist and the Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Economics at the University of Chicago Law School. After studying with the University of London External Programme in 1927-29, Coase entered the London School of Economics where he took courses with Arnold Plant. Coase graduated from the London School of Economics with a B.Sc. (Econ) in 1931, and earned his doctorate from the University of London in 1951. He emigrated to the United States that same year and started work at the University of Buffalo. In 1958 he moved to the University of Virginia. Coase settled at the University of Chicago in 1964 and became the editor of the Journal of Law and Economics. He received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991.
Born in Willesden, England, Coase is best known for two articles in particular: "The Nature of the Firm" (1937), which introduces the concept of transaction costs to explain the size of firms, and "The Problem of Social Cost" (1960), which suggests that well-defined property rights could overcome the problems of externalities (see Coase Theorem).
Coase's transaction costs approach is currently influential in modern organizational theory, where it was reintroduced by Oliver E. Williamson.
Coase is also often referred to as the "father" of reform in the policy for allocation of the electromagnetic spectrum, based on his article "The Federal Communications Commission" (1959) where he criticizes spectrum licensing, suggesting property rights as a more efficient method of allocating spectrum to users.
Another important contribution of Coase is the "Coase Conjecture": an informal argument that durable-goods monopolists do not have market power because they are unable to commit to not lowering their prices in future periods.
Coase also coined the well known, but often misquoted adage "If you torture the data long enough, it will confess."

The Nature of the Firm
Published in the Journal of Law and Economics in 1960, while Coase was a member of the Economics department at the University of Virginia, "The Problem of Social Cost" provided the key insight that it is unclear where the blame for externalities lies. The example he gave was of a rancher whose cattle stray onto the cropland of his neighbour. If the rancher is made to restrict his cattle, he is harmed just as the farmer is if the cattle remain unrestrained.
Coase argued that without transaction costs it is economically irrelevant who is assigned initial property rights; the rancher and farmer will work out an agreement about whether to restrict the cattle or not based on the economic efficiency of doing so. Property rights allocation will hence matter only in determining distribution.
With sufficient transactions costs however, initial property rights will have a non-trivial effect. From the point of view of economic efficiency, property rights should be assigned such that the owner of the rights wants to take the economically efficient action. To elaborate, if it is efficient not to restrict the cattle, the rancher should be given the rights (so that cattle can move about freely), whereas if it is inefficient to do so, the farmer should be given the rights over the movement of the cattle (so the cattle are restricted).
This seminal argument forms the basis of the famous Coase Theorem as labeled by George Stigler.

The Ronald Coase Institute

Further reading

Theory of the firm
Coase theorem
Merger
Horizontal integration
Vertical integration
Partnership
Oliver E. Williamson
List of economists
University of Virginia
List of think tanks
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

Main article: Vehicle registration plate Colour and dimensions (United Kingdom)

Great Britain
The current system for Great Britain was introduced in 2001. Each registration index consists of seven characters. From left to right the characters consist of :
In 2007 the DVLA exceptionally issued 'TN07' prefixed registrations for some Edinburgh registered vehicles, instead of the expected 'SN07'. This was stated to be because of potential offence caused by interpreting 'SN07' as 'SNOT'. This is the first known use of the 'T' code as the first letter, as it was not allocated to a region in the 2001 system. Yet, TF07 registrations have been showing up around Scotland, most commonly in Glasgow. This has arisen some confusion as to why TF07 registrations are being used. Even more recently, it has been observed that TP07 registration number plates are being issued as well.
With this scheme, a buyer can in theory determine the year of first registration of a car without having to look it up, and the preceding area code letters are usually remembered by witnesses — it is then quite simple to narrow down suspect vehicles to a much smaller number by checking the authority's database without having to know the full number. This scheme should have sufficient numbers to run until 2050.
When introduced, the new plates included a subtly re-drawn version of Charles Wright's original 1935 font, that has been narrowed (condensed) from 57 mm to 50 mm to allow space for the extra letter and the blue 'GB' euro surround that is now an option on plates. Similar in many ways but perhaps less drastic than Germany's FE-Schrift number-plate font (2001), it accentuates the differences in the form of similar characters like '8' and 'B' or 'D' and '0' with block serifs to improve the legibility of a plate from a distance - especially for the Automatic Number Plate Recognition software of speed cameras and CCTV. This accentuation also discourages the tampering that is sometimes practised with the use of black insulating tape or paint to change letterforms (P to R, 9 to 8 for example) or with the inclusion of carefully positioned black 'fixing screw' dots that alter the appearance of letters on some vanity plates.
The option of the EU stars and the country identifier letters ´GB´ is claimed to be a registered design - number 2053070 - registered at the UK Patent Office in 1995 by David and Nansi Mottram [1]. However, the blue strip with European flag and country identifier was introduced by Ireland in 1991, before the Mottrams registered their version.
Registrations having a combination of characters that are particularly appealing (resembling a name, for example) are auctioned each year.
Vehicles registered under previous numbering systems continue to retain their original registration plates. Subject to certain conditions, registration plates can be transferred between vehicles by the vehicle owner; some of these transfers involve tens of thousands of British Pounds (GBP) changing hands, due to the desirability of a specific letter/number combination.

An area code (the local memory tag) consisting of two letters, the first relating to the region, the second the local registration office (see British car number plate identifiers);
A two-digit age identifier, which changes twice a year, in March and September. The code is either the last two digits of the year itself (e.g. "05" for 2005) or else has 50 added (e.g. 55 for September 2005) if issued from September to February of the following year;
An arbitrary three-letter sequence with no specific meaning beyond that of uniquely distinguishing each of the vehicles displaying the same initial four-character area and age sequence. The letters I and Q are excluded from the three-letter sequence, as are combinations that may appear offensive (including those in foreign languages). Current system

History
The first series of number plates were issued in 1903 and ran until 1932, using the series A1–YY9999. The letter or pair of letters indicated the local authority in whose area the vehicle was registered, for example A — London, B — Lancashire, C — West Riding of Yorkshire, etc. In England and Wales the letter codes were initially allocated in order of population size (by the 1901 census), whilst Scotland and Ireland had special sequences incorporating the letters "S" and "I" respectively, which were allocated alphabetically: IA = Antrim, IB = Armagh, etc. When a licensing authority reached 9999, it was allocated another two letter mark, but there was no pattern to these subsequent allocations as they were allocated on a first come first served basis.

Before 1932
By 1932, the available numbers within this scheme were running out, and an extended scheme was introduced. This scheme consisted of three letters and three numbers, taken from the series AAA1 to YYY999. Note that certain letters — I, Q and Z — were never used, as they were considered too easy to mistake for other letters or numbers, or were reserved for special use, such as the use of I and Z for Irish registrations and Q for temporary imports. (After independence, the Irish Republic continued to use this scheme until 1986, and Northern Ireland still uses it.)
The three-letter scheme preserved the area letter codes as the second pair of letters in the set of three, and the single letter area codes were deleted (since prefixing a single letter code would create a duplicate of a two-letter code). In some areas, the available numbers with this scheme started to run out in the 1950s, and in those areas, a reversed sequence was introduced, i.e. 1AAA–999YYY. The ever-increasing popularity of the car can be gauged by noting that these sequences ran out within ten years, and by the beginning of the 1960s, a further change was made in very popular areas, introducing 4-number sequences with the one and two letter area codes, but in the reverse direction to the early scheme (i.e. 1A –9999YY).

1932 to 1963
In 1963, numbers were running out once again, and an attempt was made to create a national scheme to alleviate the problem. The three letter, up to three number system was kept, but a letter suffix was added, which changed every year. In this scheme, numbers were drawn from the range AAA1A–YYY999A for the first year, then AAA1B–YYY999B for the second year, and so on. Some areas did not adopt the year letter for the first two years, sticking to their own schemes, but in 1965 adding the year letter was made compulsory.
As well as yielding many more available numbers, it was a handy way for car buyers to know the age of the vehicle immediately. At first the year letter changed on January 1 every year, but car retailers started to notice that car buyers would tend to wait towards the end of the year for the new letter to be issued, so that they could get a "newer" car. This led to major peaks and troughs in sales over the year, and to help flatten this out somewhat the industry lobbied to get the month of registration changed from January to August. This was done in 1967, a year that had two letter changes: "E" came in January, and "F" came in August. The final August change was in 1998.

1960s to 1982
By 1982, the year suffixes had reached Y and so from 1983 onwards the sequence was reversed again, so that the year letter — starting again at "A" — preceded the numbers then the letters of the registration. The available range was then A1AAA–Y999YYY. Towards the mid-1990s there was some discussion about introducing a unified scheme for Europe, which would also incorporate the country code of origin of the vehicle, but after much debate such a scheme was not adopted due to lack of countries willing to participate. The changes in 1983 also brought the letter Q into use - although on a very small and limited scale. It was used on vehicles of indeterminate age, such as those assembled from kits, substantial rebuilds, or imported vehicles where the documentation is insufficient to determine the age. It was seen as an aid to consumer protection.
By the late 1990s, the range of available numbers was once again starting to run out, exacerbated by a move to biannual changes in registration letters (March and September) in 1999 to smooth out the bulge in registrations every August, so a new scheme needed to be adopted. Rather than stick with a variation of the ad-hoc numbering that had existed for nearly a century, it was decided to research a system that would be easier for crash or car crime witnesses to remember and clearer to read, yet still fit within a normal standard plate size.

Year letters

Suffix series

Prefix series

New series post-2001
In Northern Ireland current registrations plates take the form "ABC 1000", where "BC" represents the county or city and "A" denotes the position in the series. The numbering begins at 1 and ends at 9999. After 9999, the next letter in alphabetical order is used at position "A" and the numbering series begins with 1000 once again. For example, in 2005 County Antrim is using the series "KZ", having already completed "IA" and "DZ". After "KZ" is exhausted, it will use "RZ". The full list of county codes appears below.
The county letters without the series position identifier were used previously on their own, in the same order that they are now being used. After all these registrations had been issued, the extra letter was added to increase capacity. Numbers below 1000 are now not issued to the public in the normal way but instead held back by DVLNI and supplied at a premium as vanity plates.
This system was also used in the Republic of Ireland until 1987 as part of an original British all-Ireland system. It was similar to an older system used in Great Britain, but the use of the letters I and Z is unique to Ireland. In this system, two-letter county codes existed for all counties or administrative areas in Ireland, but are now used only in Northern Ireland. (See also: Irish Vehicle Registration Plates)
The DVA are considering adopting the system used in the rest of the UK, using I as the first letter (no confusion could be made with 1 as it would be followed by another letter).
Northern Ireland licence plates are used often in Great Britain as vanity plates to cheaply hide the age of an older vehicle.
The County Fermanagh registrations KIL, CIG and NIG were deemed inappropriate and will never be issued.
The European Union standard for number plates causes some degree of resentment in Northern Ireland as the internationally recognised number-plate code for all of the United Kingdom is 'GB' for Great Britain, which can appear to exclude Northern Ireland. However, as Northern Ireland is not part of Great Britain, and is part of the island of Ireland, some people may choose to use an 'IRL' version, e.g. |IRL| ACZ 0000|, although this is incorrect in terms of the European numbering system and is illegal according to UK number plate regulations. There are Northern Ireland registration plates which, quite unofficially, use the EU style blue strip on the left hand side with no country code written; i.e. the blue strip just shows the European stars. Another unofficial codes are "NI" and "NIrl".
Proposals were made to change the code to UK, but this came to nothing.

Northern Ireland

AZ — Belfast
BZ — Down
CZ — Belfast
DZ — Antrim
EZ — Belfast
FZ — Belfast
GZ — Belfast
HZ — Tyrone
IA — Antrim
IB — Armagh
IG — Fermanagh
IJ — Down
IL — Fermanagh
IW — Londonderry
JI — Tyrone
JZ — Down
KZ — Antrim
LZ — Armagh
MZ — Belfast
NZ — Londonderry
OI — Belfast
OZ — Belfast
PZ — Belfast
RZ — Antrim
SZ — Down
TZ — Belfast
UI — Derry City
UZ — Belfast
VZ — Tyrone
WZ — Belfast
XI — Belfast
XZ — Armagh
YZ — Londonderry
QNI — Re-registration within Northern Ireland County codes
The Crown Dependencies of the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man have number plates that differ from those used in the UK.

Crown Dependencies
Jersey number plates consist of the letter 'J' followed by one to six digits, with hire cars originally having a letter 'H' in white on a red background. Plates now incorporate the coat of arms of Jersey. Low digit value number plates are considered more desirable — number plates 'J1' and 'J2' are carried by government official vehicles.
A standard Jersey plate
A hire Jersey plate
Vanity plates are also auctioned, having the format 'JSY' followed by one to three digits.

Jersey
Guernsey plates consist of up to five digits, sometimes in white on a black background, and sometimes with a circle containing the letters 'GBG', the island's international vehicle registration. Plates with lower numbers are of a high value. The plates 1 to 9 are the most valuable.
A Guernsey plate
Guernsey hire cars sport a black 'H' on a yellow background on a separate plate, much like the 'L plate' required by learners. Locals consider this to stand for "Horror", as foreign drivers often lack understanding of road features such as 'filter in turn' sections common to Guernsey roads.

Guernsey
In Alderney, a dependency of Guernsey, separate registrations are issued always with the prefix 'AY' followed by a space and then digits.
An Alderney plate

Alderney
Sark bans cars on its roads, so no number plates exist.

Sark
When vehicle registration began in the Isle of Man in 1906, registration plates started with the letters 'MN' followed by up to four digits. In 1935, the prefix 'MAN' came into use, followed by up to three digits, and the following year a further scheme was introduced allowing three letters (BMN through YMN) to be used in addition to up to three digits. In 1959, the scheme changed to allow the digits to precede the letters. Currently a trailing letter is added to new registrations, as illustrated below. There is no indicator of vehicle age in the Manx registration plate as each can be transferred from vehicle to vehicle.
Plates now incorporate the Manx flag, bearing the triskelion symbol. The typeface now used on Manx number plates is similar to that used in the Republic of Ireland.
A Manx plate (without the words Isle of Man at the top)

Isle of Man

Other formats
Some of the UK's overseas territories, including Gibraltar and the Falkland Islands, use similar number plates to the UK, with the same colours and typeface.
Until 2002 Gibraltar number plates consisted of the letter 'G' and five digits, but this changed to 'G' followed by four digits and a letter. The European flag is also now featured, along with the international vehicle registration GBZ. Military vehicles have the letters 'RN'.
In the Falklands, the format is 'F' followed by four digits and a letter.
Bermuda number plates issued to general passenger cars are five black digits on a plain white background, similarly-sized to UK plates. Vanity plates, however, have recently become available that allow motorists to choose any seven-letter phrase, overlaid on a map of the island with "Bermuda" printed across the top, on a plate of identical dimensions to plates from the United States.
Anguilla has an 'A' followed by 4 digits, with a 'G' on the end for a government vehicle, a 'H' for a hire vehicle/taxi and an 'R' for a rental vehicle.
In the British Virgin Islands Private Vehicles have 'PV' followed by four digits. Commercial vehicles have 'CM' followed by four digits.
Cayman Islands simply have 6 numbers on them, separated into groups of 3.
Saint Helena islands just have 3 digits on them, with government vehicles having a prefix of 'SHG.'

Overseas Territories
British forces number plates are white on black, in either the older two numbers, two letters, two numbers format, or the more recent two letters, two numbers, two letters format, with the lettering arranged in three rows. In West Germany, private cars owned by members of HM Forces and their families also used plates with the same format, distinct from those used in the UK. This was discontinued in 1988 for security reasons, as it made them vulnerable to IRA attacks. Private cars driven by British military personnel are now issued with either standard UK number plates (if right hand drive) or German ones (if left hand drive).

British Forces plates
Since 1979 cars operated by foreign embassies, consular staff, and various international organisations have been given plates with a distinguishing format of three numbers, one letter, three numbers. The letter is D for diplomats or X for accredited non-diplomatic staff. The first group of three numbers identifies the country or organisation to whom the plate has been issued, the second group of three numbers is a serial number, starting at 101 for diplomats (although some embassies were erroneously issued 100), 400 for non-diplomatic staff of international organisations, and 700 for consular staff. Thus, for example, 101 D 101 identifies the first plate allocated to the Afghanistan embassy, 900 X 400 is the first plate allocated to the Commonwealth Secretariat. See List of country codes on British diplomatic car number plates.

Diplomatic plates
It is still legal to use any of the above schemes for so-called vanity plates –. Any registration with 2-3 consecutive valid letters and a number 1-999 (and possibly another letter) is allowed. As many cars registered before 1963 have been destroyed, these "dateless" plates are usually highly sought-after and valuable, since they can be used to hide the age of an older vehicle. However, some consider it a great pity that many classic cars now lose their original plates due to the owners cashing in on the high premiums paid for highly desirable registrations. The DVLA Cherished Mark Transfer scheme allows owners to display a registration index more appropriate to a speciality or collector vehicle and there are also a large number of private dealers who not only act as agents for DVLA issues, but hold their own private stock of dateless registrations and other cherished numbers. The DVLA however can only offer for sale registrations that have never previously been issued. There are still thousands of combinations available though and prices start at £250. One may not use a registration index to make one's vehicle appear younger or newer than it actually is. Whilst the DVLA can not re-issue registrations, there are plenty of interesting combinations available on the second hand market. As popularity grows, the prices reached for the most expensive plates are always increasing. "M 1" sold at auction in Goodwood on 7 June 2006 for £330,000. This is currently the world record price achieved for a personal plate. The previous record was £285,000 for "VIP 1": rumoured to have been bought by Roman Abramovich, it was originally an Irish number, formerly on a car once used by Pope John Paul II when visiting Dublin..

"Personal" index plates
Uniquely, the Rolls-Royce,Bentley and other motor cars used by the reigning monarch on official business do not carry registration plates. The official car of the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland also does not carry plates (but only for the duration of the week-long General Assembly). The monarch's private vehicles, and cars driven by other members of the royal family, all carry index plates.

Theft of number plates

Automatic number plate recognition
British car number plate identifiers
Mass surveillance
UK topics
Vehicle Excise Duty
Vehicle registration plate

History
The first windmills had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades and appeared in Persia in the 9th century.

Vertical axle windmills
Fixed windmills, oriented to the prevailing wind were, for example, extensively used in the Cyclades islands of Greece. The economies of power and transport allowed the use of these 'offshore' mills for grinding grain transported from the mainland and flour returned. A 1/10th share of the flour was paid to the miller in return for his service. This type would mount triangular sails when in operation.
In North Western Europe, the horizontal-shaft or vertical windmill (so called due to the dimension of the movement of its blades) dates from the last quarter of the 12th century in the triangle of northern France, eastern England and Flanders. These earliest mills were used to grind cereals. The evidence at present is that the earliest type was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mill's main structure (the "body" or "buck") is balanced. By mounting the body this way, the mill is able to rotate to face the (variable) wind direction; an essential requirement for windmills to operate economically in North-Western Europe, where wind directions are various. By the end of the thirteenth century the masonry tower mill, on which only the timber cap rotated rather than the whole body of the mill, had been introduced. Due to the fact that only the cap of the tower mill needed to be turned the main structure could be made much taller, allowing the blades to be made longer, which enabled them to provide useful work even in low winds. Windmills were often built atop castle towers or city walls, and were a unique part of a number of fortifications in New France, such as at Fort Senneville.
The familiar lattice style of windmill blades allowed the miller to attach cloth sails to the blades (while applying a brake). Trimming the sails allowed the windmill to turn at near the optimal speed in a large range of wind velocities.
The fantail, a small windmill mounted at right angles to the main sails which automatically turns the heavy cap and main sails into the wind, was invented in England in 1745. The smock mill is a later variation of the tower mill, constructed of timber and originally developed in the sixteenth century for land drainage. With some subsequent development mills became versatile in windy regions for all kind of industry, most notably grain grinding mills, sawmills (late 16th century), threshing, and, by applying scoop wheels, Archimedes' screws, and piston pumps, pumping water either for land drainage or for water supply.
With the industrial revolution, the importance of windmills as primary industrial energy source was replaced by steam and internal combustion engines. Polder mills were replaced by steam, or diesel engines. The industrial revolution and increased use of Steam and later Diesel power however had a lesser effect on the Mills of the Norfolk Broads in the United Kingdom, these being so isolated (on extensive uninhabitable marshland), therefore some of these mills continued use as drainage pumps till as late as 1959. More recently historic windmills have been preserved for their historic value, in some cases as static exhibits when the antique machinery is too fragile to put in motion, and in other cases as fully working mills.
With increasing environmental concern, and approaching limits to fossil fuel consumption, wind power has regained interest as a renewable energy source. This new generation of wind mills produce electric power and are more generally referred to as wind turbines.
See Flood control in the Netherlands for use of windmills in land reclamation in the Netherlands.

Horizontal axle windmills
Windmills feature uniquely in the history of New France, particularly in Canada, where they were used as strong points in fortifications.
In the United States, the development of the water-pumping windmill was the major factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas of North America, which were otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. They contributed to the expansion of rail transport systems throughout the world, by pumping water from wells to supply the needs of the steam locomotives of those early times. They are still used today for the same purpose in some areas of the world where a connection to electric power lines is not a realistic option.
The multi-bladed wind turbine atop a lattice tower made of wood or steel was, for many years, a fixture of the landscape throughout rural America. These mills, made by a variety of manufacturers, featured a large number of blades so that they would turn slowly with considerable torque in low winds and be self regulating in high winds. A tower-top gearbox and crankshaft converted the rotary motion into reciprocating strokes carried downward through a rod to the pump cylinder below.
Windmills and related equipment are still manufactured and installed today on farms and ranches, usually in remote parts of the western United States where electric power is not readily available. The arrival of electricity in rural areas, brought by the Rural Electrification Administration (REA) in the 1930s through 1950s, contributed to the decline in the use of windmills in the US. Today, the increases in energy prices and the expense of replacing electric pumps has led to an increase in the repair, restoration and installation of new windmills.

In Canada and the United States

Main article: Wind turbine Modern windmills
A windpump is a type of windmill used for pumping water from a well or draining land.
On US farms, particularly in the Midwest, windpumps of the type pictured were used to pump water from farm wells for cattle. Today this is done primarily by electric pumps, and only a few windpumps survive as unused relics of a previous technology.
Windpumps similar in construction to the ones from the US Midwest are still being used extensively in Southern Africa. In South Africa and Namibia thousands of windpumps are still operating. These are mostly used to provide water for human use as well as drinking water for large sheep stocks. At least 21 different types of windpumps are still operational in South Africa.Kenya has also benefited from the Africa development of windpump technologies. At the end of the 70s, the UK NGO Intermediate Technology Development Group provided engineering support to the Kenyan company Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd for the development of the Kijito windpumps. Nowadays Bobs Harries Engineering Ltd is still manufacturing the Kijito windpumps and more than 300 Kijito windpumps are operating in the whole of East Africa.
The Netherlands is well known for its windmills. Most of these iconic structures situated along the edge of polders are actually windpumps, designed to drain the land. These are particularly important as much of the country lies below sea level.
Many windpumps were built in The Broads, of East Anglia in the United Kingdom for the draining of land. They have since been mostly replaced by electric power, many of these windpumps still remain, mainly in a derelict state, however some have been restored.

Windpumps
Miguel de Cervantes' book Don Quixote de La Mancha, which helped cement the modern Spanish language and is regarded as one of the greatest works of fiction ever published, features an iconic scene in which Don Quixote attacks windmills that he believes to be ferocious giants. This gave international fame to La Mancha and its windmills, and is the origin of the phrase "tilting at windmills", to describe an act of futility.


Windmills in culture and literature

Footnotes

Ahmad Y Hassan, Donald Routledge Hill (1986). Islamic Technology: An illustrated history. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42239-6.
Chartrand, French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Québec, Montréal, Louisbourg and New Orleans.
Dietrich Lohrmann, "Von der östlichen zur westlichen Windmühle", Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, Vol. 77, Issue 1 (1995)
A.G. Drachmann, "Heron's Windmill", Centaurus, 7 (1961).
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. See also
Muttons Mill, one of the many drainage windpumps on the Norfolk Broads (United Kingdom)
Pitstone Windmill, believed to be the oldest windmill in the British Isles
Windmills of Western Siberia, taken by Prokudin-Gorskii, c. 1910
Original seventeenth century wooden windmill, Gettlinge, Oland, Sweden.
The windmills of Kinderdijk, the Netherlands
Another windmill near Kinderdijk, The Netherlands
Double windmill and common Aeromotor windmill in Texas
Wind pump in Argentina.
The middle-18th-century windmill of Nesebar, Bulgaria
Windmill near Tés
Weybourne Windmill, Norfolk, England
A Midwestern wind pump in Arlington, Indiana. The mechanism connecting the wheel to the pump is missing.
A modern windmill in Sweden.
A Windmill at the National Ranching Heritage Center
An antique functioning windmill and a cart for transporting water at the National Ranching Heritage Center
A Kijito windpump being maintained by BHEL team nearby Nairobi, Kenya
More than 20 windmills on display in the museum at Loeriesfontein, in the Northern Cape, South Africa.
An old example of an "SA Climax" at Loeriesfontein; still made and thousands in use in South Africa.
Modern wind turbine in Aalborg, Denmark
Windmill near Lund, Skåne County, Sweden
Windmills at an old steel plant Lackawanna, New York

Altaic is a proposed language family that includes 66 languages [1] spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia. The relationships among these languages remain a matter of debate among historical linguists. Some scholars consider the apparent similarity among these languages to indicate a genetic relationship; others propose that they are not a family derived from a common ancestor, but a Sprachbund, a group of languages that have become similar in some ways by massive borrowing because of long language contact.
The proponents of Altaic traditionally consider it to include the Turkic languages, the Mongolic languages, the Tungusic languages (also called Manchu-Tungus languages), and sometimes Japonic or Korean. A few linguists add Ainu, but this view has few adherents. Occasionally, hypotheses that include only Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic are called "Micro-Altaic", and ones that include more language families are called "Macro-Altaic".
Altaic is itself part of the even more controversial Nostratic and Eurasiatic hypotheses.

History of the hypothesis
Altaic languages in their diversity show a great depth, probably going back deep into the Mesolithic or even Upper Paleolithic period in Central Asia, following the disappearance of the Mansiyskoe lake, or, as it is still named, the West Siberian lake, that took practically the whole territory of the west Siberian flatland up to foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Altai. With the late Glacial warming, up to the Atlantic Phase of the Post-Glacial Optimum, into this area mesolithic groups moved northwards from the Hissar (6-4,000 BCE) and the Keltiminar (5,500-3,500 BCE) who introduced the bow and arrow, and the hunting dog, within what Kent Flannery has called the "broad spectrum revolution". The Keltiminar culture practised a mobile hunting, gathering, fishing, and over time, an introduced stockbreeding seasonal-round subsistence system while inhabiting the semi-desert, desert, and deltaic areas of the Kara and Kyzyl Kum deserts, and the lower Amu Darya and Zeravshan rivers.
The spread of the Karasuk culture, and the appearance of northern Mongol Dinlin elements has been equated with the spread of what has been called the later "micro-Altaic" group. Their anthropological type is of a basic Europoid group with admixture of Mongoloids. Karasuk People lived in permanent settlements, in frame type houses. The economy was complex, they bred large horned livestock, horses and sheep. In Karasuk period they developed high level of bronze metallurgy. Characteristic for Karasuk Culture are extensive cemeteries, tombs are fenced with stone slabs laid on crest. Karasuk Culture is result of migration of eastern part of Dinlins, and had an influence as far as the Ordos region of China and across into Manchuria and northern Korea. The split between Turkic and Mongolian languages, it is suggested, was the last division within the Proto-Altaic group, and it has been suggested that this occurred just prior to the Xiongnu period of Central Asian history.

Urheimat
Based on the proposed correspondences listed below, the following phoneme inventory has been reconstructed for the Proto(-Macro)-Altaic language (taken from Blažek's [2006] summary of the newest Altaic etymological dictionary [Starostin et al. 2003] and transcribed into IPA):

Reconstructed phonology
¹ This phoneme only occurred at the beginnings of words.
² These phonemes only occurred in the interior of words.

Consonants
It is not clear whether /æ/, /ø/, /y/ were monophthongs as shown here (presumably [æ œ~ø ʏ~y]) or diphthongs ([i̯a~i̯ɑ i̯ɔ~i̯o i̯ʊ~i̯u]); the evidence is equivocal. In any case, however, they only occurred in the first syllable of any word.
Every vowel occurred in long and short versions which were different phonemes in the first syllable.

Vowels
As reconstructed by Starostin et al. (2003), Proto-Altaic was a pitch accent or tone language; at least the first, and probably every, syllable could have high or low pitch.

Prosody
If a Proto(-Macro)-Altaic language really existed, it should be possible to reconstruct regular sound correspondences between that protolanguage and its descendants; such correspondences would make it possible to distinguish cognates from loanwords (in many cases). Such attempts have repeatedly been made. The latest and (so far) most successful version is reproduced here, taken from Blažek's (2006) summary of the newest Altaic etymological dictionary (Starostin et al. 2003) and transcribed into IPA.
When a Proto-Altaic phoneme developed differently depending on its position in a word (beginning, interior, or end), the special case (or all cases) is marked with a hyphen; for example, Proto-Altaic /pʰ/ disappears (marked "0") or becomes /j/ at the beginning of a Turkic word and becomes /p/ elsewhere in a Turkic word.

Sound correspondences
Only single consonants are considered here. In the middle of words, clusters of two consonants were allowed in Proto-Altaic as reconstructed by Starostin et al. (2003); the correspondence table of these clusters spans almost 7 pages in their book (83–89), and most clusters are only found in one or a few of the reconstructed roots.

¹ The Khalaj language has /h/ instead. (It also retains a number of other archaisms.) However, it has also added /h/ in front of words for which no initial consonant (except in some cases /ŋ/, as expected) can be reconstructed for Proto-Altaic; therefore, and because it would make them dependent on whether Khalaj happens to have preserved any given root, Starostin et al. (2003:26–28) have not used Khalaj to decide whether to reconstruct an initial /pʰ/ in any given word and have not reconstructed a /h/ for Proto-Turkic even though it was probably there.
² The Monguor language has /f/ here instead (Kaiser & Shevoroshkin 1988); it is therefore possible that Proto-Mongolian also had /f/ which then became /h/ (and then usually disappeared) in all descendants except Monguor. Tabgač and Kitan, two extinct Mongolic languages not considered by Starostin et al. (2003), even preserve /p/ in these places (Blažek 2006).
³ This happened when the next consonant in the word was /lʲ/, /rʲ/, or /r/.
When followed by /i/ or /u/. Consonants
Vowel harmony is pervasive in Altaic languages: most Turkic and Mongolic as well as some Tungusic languages have it, Korean is arguably in the process of losing its traces, and it is (controversially) hypothesized for Old Japanese. (Vowel harmony is also typical of the neighboring Uralic languages and was often counted among the arguments for the Ural-Altaic hypotheses.) Nevertheless, Starostin et al. (2003) reconstruct Proto-Altaic as lacking vowel harmony. Instead, according to them, vowel harmony originated in each daughter branch as assimilation of the vowel in the first syllable to the vowel in the second syllable (which was usually modified or lost later). "The situation therefore is very close, e.g., to Germanic [see Germanic umlaut] or to the Nakh languages in the Eastern Caucasus, where the quality of non-initial vowels can now only be recovered on the basis of umlaut processes in the first syllable." (Starostin et al. 2003:91) The table below is taken from Starostin et al. (2003):

¹ When preceded by a bilabial consonant.
² When followed by a trill, /l/, or /lʲ/.
³ When preceded or followed by a bilabial consonant.
When preceded by a fricative (/s/, /ʃ/, /x/). Vowels
Length and pitch in the first syllable evolved as follows according to Starostin et al. (2003), with the caveat that it is not clear which pitch was high and which was low in Proto-Altaic (Starostin et al. 2003:135). For simplicity of input and display every syllable is symbolized as "a" here:

¹ "Proto-Mongolian has lost all traces of the original prosody except for voicing *p > *b in syllables with original high pitch" (Starostin et al. 2003:135).
² "[…] several secondary metatonic processes happened […] in Korean, basically in the verb subsystem: all verbs have a strong tendency towards low pitch on the first syllable." (Starostin et al. 2003:135) Prosody
Because grammar is less easily borrowed than words, grammar is usually considered stronger evidence for language relationships than vocabulary. Starostin et al. (2003) have reconstructed the following correspondences between the case and number suffixes (or clitics) of the (Macro-)Altaic languages (taken from Blažek, 2006):
/V/ symbolizes an uncertain vowel. Suffixes reconstructed for Proto-Turkic, Proto-Mongolic, Proto-Korean, or Proto-Japonic, but not attested in Old Turkic, Classical Mongolian, Middle Korean, or Old Japanese are marked with asterisks.

Selected cognates
Personal pronouns are thought by many. Therefore the many correspondences between Altaic pronouns found by Starostin et al. (2003) could be rather strong evidence for the existence of Proto-Altaic. The table below is taken (with slight modifications) from Blažek (2006) and transcribed into IPA.
As above, forms not attested in Classical Mongolian or Middle Korean but reconstructed for their ancestors are marked with an asterisk, and /V/ represents an uncertain vowel.

Personal pronouns
In the Indo-European family, the numerals are remarkably stable. Therefore shared numerals are often considered good evidence for language relationships Also see Tumen. Numerals and related words
The following table is a brief selection of further proposed cognates in basic vocabulary across the Altaic family (from Starostin et al. [2003]).

and an upcoming paper. By that time, Starostin was already dead (Starostin 2005 was published posthumously). Others

Blažek, V.: "Current Progress in Altaic Etymology", Linguistica Online 30 January 2006 (pdf)
Doerfer, G.: Grundwort und Sprachmischung: Eine Untersuchung an Hand von Körperteilbezeichnungen (Münchener Ostasiatische Studien 47), Franz-Steiner-Verlag, 1988
Miller, R.A.: Languages and history. Japanese, Korean and Altaic, Inst. for Comparative Research in Human C, 1996, [ISBN 974-8299-69-4].
Georg, S.: "Reply [to Starostin 2005]", Diachronica 22(2):455–457, 2005.
Kortlandt, F.: "The origin of the Japanese and Korean accent systems", Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 26 (1993): 57–65 (pdf)
Ruhlen, M.: A Guide to the World's Languages, Stanford University Press (1987).
Starostin, S.A., Dybo, A., Mudrak, O.: Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, Brill Academic Publishers, June 2003, [ISBN 90-04-13153-1].
Starostin, S.A.: "Response to Stefan Georg's review of the Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages", Diachronica 22(2):451–454, 2005.
LINGUIST Mailing List, 18 Aug 1994, Reinhard F. Hahn Further reading

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Patience Aitken is a character in in the Inspector Rebus series of detective novels by the Scottish writer Ian Rankin. She is the female doctor with whom Detective Inspector John Rebus has a romantic relationship spanning several of the novels. The relationship is unstable, and as usual, it takes second place to Rebus's work. Patience kicks him out at least once, although they reconcile briefly.
Knots and Crosses • Hide and Seek • Tooth and Nail • Strip Jack • The Black Book • Mortal Causes • Let it Bleed • Black and Blue • The Hanging Garden • Dead Souls • Set in Darkness • The Falls • Resurrection Men • A Question of Blood • Fleshmarket Close • The Naming of the Dead • Exit Music

Errico Malatesta (December 14, 1853 – July 22, 1932) was an Italian anarcho-communist. He spent a large part of his life in exile from his homeland of Italy and altogether spent more than ten years in prison. He wrote and edited a number of radical newspapers and was also a friend of Mikhail Bakunin.

Biography
In London Malatesta worked as an ice cream seller and a mechanic, and participated in the 1881 congress of the International, which gave birth to the Anarchist International.
He went to fight the British colonialists in Egypt in 1882, then secretly returned to Italy the following year. In Florence he founded the weekly anarchist paper La Questione Sociale (The Social Question) in which his most popular pamphlet, Fra Contadini (Among Farmers), first appeared. Malatesta went back to Naples in 1884—while waiting to serve a three year prison term—to nurse the victims of a cholera epidemic. Once again, he fled Italy to escape imprisonment and went to South America. He lived in Buenos Aires from 1885, where he resumed publication of La Questione Sociale, and was involved in the founding of the first militant workers' union in Argentina, the Bakers Union, and left an anarchist impression in the workers' movements there for years to come.
Returning to Europe in 1889, he published a newspaper called L'Associazione in Nice until he was forced to flee to London. For the next eight years Malatesta was based in London, but made clandestine trips to France, Switzerland and Italy and went on a lecture tour of Spain with Tarrida del Marmol. During this time he wrote several important pamphlets, including L'Anarchia.
Malatesta then took part to the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam (1907), where he debated in particular with Pierre Monatte on the relation between anarchism and syndicalism (or trade-unionism). The latter thought that syndicalism was revolutionary and would create the conditions of a social revolution, while Malatesta considered that syndicalism by itself was not sufficient..
In 1912, Malatesta appeared in Bow Street Police Court on a criminal libel charge, which resulted in a 3 month prison sentence, and his recommendation for deportation. This order was quashed following campaigning by the radical press and demonstrations by workers organisations.
After the First World War, Malatesta eventually returned to Italy for the final time. Two years after his return, in 1921, the Italian government imprisoned him, again, although he was released two months before the fascists came to power. From 1924 until 1926, when Benito Mussolini silenced all independent press, Malatesta published the journal Pensiero e Volontà, although he was harassed and the journal suffered from government censorship.
He was to spend his remaining years leading a relatively quiet life, earning a living as an electrician. After years of suffering from a weak respiratory system and regular bronchial attacks, he developed bronchial pneumonia from which he died after a few weeks, despite being given 1500 litres of oxygen in his last five hours. He died on Friday, 22nd July 1932.

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Malatesta was a principled anarchist — he would always adhere to anarchist principles no matter what the situation. He always rejected party politics and political revolution, preferring social revolution; he was even suspicious of the use of revolutionary trade unions, as anarcho-syndicalists advocate.
His constant work as an organizer and speaker embodied his ideals of free association: for Malatesta, it was useful to join an organization only for the purpose of doing something with that group of people. There was no sense in belonging to a group simply to belong.

Political beliefs
Further information: Anarchism and violence
Malatesta was a committed revolutionary: he believed that the anarchist revolution was coming soon, and that violence would be a necessary part of it since the state rested ultimately on violent coercion. As he wrote in his article "The Revolutionary 'Haste'":
It is our aspiration and our aim that everyone should become socially conscious and effective; but to achieve this end, it is necessary to provide all with the means of life and for development, and it is therefore necessary to destroy with violence, since one cannot do otherwise, the violence which denies these means to the workers. (Umanità Nova, number 125, September 6, 1921[1])
Malatesta, then, advocated violence as a "necessary" part of the emancipation of the working class.

On violence

La Révolte (with Kropotkin and others)
La Questione Sociale
L'Associazione
Umanità Nova
Pensiero e Volontà Books

San Michele aveva un gallo, loosely based on Malatesta's life

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Antoine de la Sale or la Salle (birth date estimates range from 1385 to 1398; his death date generally falls between 1460 and 1462 according to the latest research) was a French writer.

Biography
He was born in Provence, probably at Arles. He was a natural son of Bernard de la Salle, a famous soldier of fortune, who served many masters, among others the Angevin dukes. In 1402 Antoine entered the court of Anjou, probably as a page, and in 1407 he was at Messina with Duke Louis II, who had gone there to enforce his claim to the kingdom of Sicily. The next years he perhaps spent in Brabant, for he was present at two tournaments given at Brussels and Ghent.
With other gentlemen from Brabant, whose names he has preserved, he took part in the expedition of 1415 against the Moors, organized by John I of Portugal. In 1420 he accompanied Louis III of Anjou on another expedition to Naples, making in that year an excursion from Norcia to the Monte della Sibilla and the neighboring Lake of Pilate. The story of his adventures on this occasion, and an account, with some sceptical comments, of the local legends regarding Pilate, and the Sibyl's grotto, form the most interesting chapter of La Salade, which is further adorned with a map of the ascent from Montemonaco. In 1426 La Sale probably returned with Louis III of Anjou, who was also comte de Provence, to Provence, where he was acting as wguier of Arles in 1429.
In 1434 Rene, Louis's successor, made La Sale tutor to his son, Jean d'Anjou, duc de Calabre, to whom he dedicated, between the years 1438 and 1447, his La Salade, which is a textbook of the studies necessary for a prince. The primary intention of the title is no doubt the play on his own name, but he explains it on the ground of the miscellaneous character of the book: a salad is composed "of many good herbs." In 1439 he was again in Italy in charge of the castle of Capua, with the duc de Calabre and his young wife, Marie de Bourbon, when the place was besieged by the king of Aragon. Rene abandoned Naples in 1442, and Antoine no doubt returned to France about the same time. His advice was sought at the tournaments which celebrated the marriage of the unfortunate Margaret of Anjou at Nancy in 1445; and in 1446, at a similar display at Saumur, he was one of the umpires. La Sale's pupil was now twenty years of age, and after forty years' service to the house of Anjou, La Sale left it to become tutor to the sons of Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, who took him to Flanders and presented him at the court of Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy. For his new pupils he wrote at Chatelet-sur-Oise, in 1451, a moral work entitled La Salle.

Albert Schweitzer, M.D., OM, (January 14, 1875 – September 4, 1965), was an Alsatian theologian, musician, philosopher, and physician. He was born in Kaisersberg, Alsace-Lorraine (at that time part of the German Empire). After the Allies' victory in 1918, he asked for French nationality according to his Alsacian ancestries, and got it without trouble. Later, he challenged both the secular view of historical Jesus current at his time and the traditional Christian view, depicting a Jesus who expected the imminent end of the world. He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize in 1953 for his philosophy of "reverence for life", expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding and sustaining the Lambaréné Hospital in Gabon, west central Africa.

Theology
Schweitzer was a famous organist in his day and was highly interested in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. He developed a simple style of performance, which he thought to be closer to what Bach had meant it to be. He based his interpretation mainly on his reassessment of Bach's religious intentions. While studying with Charles-Marie Widor in Paris, he astonished his teacher by explaining the imagery in Bach's chorale preludes through the hymn texts that would be sung to their melodies, an approach that had apparently never occurred to the older man. Through the book Johann Sebastian Bach, the final version of which he completed in 1908, he advocated this new style, which has had great influence in the way Bach's music is now treated. Widor and Schweitzer collaborated on a new complete edition of Bach's organ works. His pamphlet "The Art of Organ Building and Organ Playing in Germany and France" (1906) effectively launched the twentieth-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away from romantic extremes and rediscovered baroque principles -- although this sweeping reform movement in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer himself had intended. He also made musical performances to raise money for medical supplies in Gabon. Sir Donald Tovey dedicated his completion of the 18th Contrapunctus of Bach's Die Kunst der Fuge (Art of the Fugue) to Schweitzer.
On his departure for Lambarene in 1913 he was presented with a piano with pedal attachments (to operate like an organ pedal-keyboard) by the Paris Bach Society, and in the years which followed his principal means of recreation was to play Bach's music on it during the lunch hour and on Sunday afternoons. The piano was built specially for the tropics and was conveyed to his Lambarene bungalow packed in a zinc-lined case and delivered by river in a huge dug-out canoe. At first he regarded his new life in the Lambarene mission as a renunciation of his life as an artist, and fell out of practise, but after some time he resolved on a systematic plan to study study the works of Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, Cesar Franck, and Max Reger, and to learn them by heart. Schweitzer's piano-organ was still in use at Lambarene in 1946.
Recordings of Schweitzer playing the music of Bach are available on CD. Some recordings of Chorale Preludes were made in Paris. Other Columbia Records recordings of Preludes and Fugues were made in mid-December 1935, at the organ of All Hallows, Barking (London), during his last visit to Britain, where between 1932 and 1935 he gave numerous lectures and recitals. (G. Seaver, Albert Schweitzer, The Man and his Mind, 4th edn, London 1951, 63-64, 139-152.) During a visit to Strasbourg in 1928 he gave a private improvisation for his colleague Mrs Russell at St Nicholas Church. She recalled, 'It was all full of the magic of the African forest, the moonlight in the jungle and on the river, the merry gambols of the little monkeys in the trees when the sun is shining...'(ibid., 112-113).

Music
Schweitzer's worldview was based on his idea of reverence for life ("Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben"), which he believed to be his greatest single contribution to humankind. His view was that Western civilization was in decay because of gradually abandoning its ethical foundations - those of affirmation of life.
It was his firm conviction that the respect for life is the highest principle. In a similar kind of exaltation of life to that of Friedrich Nietzsche, a recently influential philosopher of the time, Schweitzer admittedly followed the same line as that of the Russian Leo Tolstoy. Some people in his days compared his philosophy with that of Francis of Assisi, a comparison he did not contest. In his book Philosophy of Civilisation (all quotes in this section from chapter 26), he wrote:
True philosophy must start from the most immediate and comprehensive fact of consciousness: 'I am life that wants to live, in the midst of life that wants to live'.
Life and love in his view are based on, and follow out of the same principle: respect for every manifestation of life, and a personal, spiritual relationship towards the universe. Ethics, according to Schweitzer, consists in the compulsion to show toward the will-to-live of each and every being the same reverence as one does to one's own. Circumstances where we apparently fail to satisfy this compulsion should not lead us to defeatism, since the will-to-live renews itself again and again, as an outcome of an evolutionary necessity and a phenomenon with a spiritual dimension.
However, as Schweitzer himself pointed out, it is neither impossible nor difficult to spend one's life and not follow it: the history of world philosophies and religions shows many instances of denial of the principle of reverence for life. He points to the prevailing philosophy in the European Middle Ages, and the Indian Brahminic philosophy as examples. Nevertheless, he contends that this kind of attitude lacks genuineness.
The will to live is naturally both parasitic and antagonistic towards other forms of life. Only in the thinking being has the will to live become conscious of other will to live, and desirous of solidarity with it. This solidarity, however, cannot be brought about, because human life does not escape the puzzling and horrible circumstance that it must live at the cost of other life. But as an ethical being one strives to escape whenever possible from this necessity, and to put a stop to this disunion of the Will to live, so far as it is within one's power.
Schweitzer advocated the concept of reverence for life widely throughout his entire life. The historical Enlightenment waned and corrupted itself, Schweitzer held, because it has not been well enough grounded in thought, but compulsively followed the ethical will-to-live. Hence, he looked forward to a renewed and more profound Renaissance and Enlightenment of humanity (a view he expressed in the epilogue of his autobiography, Out of My Life and Thought). Albert Schweitzer nourished hope in a humankind that is more profoundly aware of its position in the Universe. His optimism was based in "belief in truth". "The spirit generated by [conceiving of] truth is greater than the force of circumstances." He persistently emphasized the necessity to think, rather than merely acting on basis of passing impulses or by following the most widespread opinions.
Never for a moment do we lay aside our mistrust of the ideals established by society, and of the convictions which are kept by it in circulation. We always know that society is full of folly and will deceive us in the matter of humanity. [...] humanity meaning consideration for the existence and the happiness of individual human beings.
Respect for life, resulting from contemplation on one's own conscious will to live, leads the individual to live in the service of other people and of every living creature. Schweitzer was much respected for putting his theory into practice in his own life. He was, for instance, a well-known cat lover, who, although left-handed, would write with his right hand rather than disturb the cat who would sleep on his left arm.

Philosophy
Schweitzer considered his work as a medical missionary in Africa to be his response to Jesus' call to become "fishers of men" but also as a small recompense for the historic guilt of European colonizers: "Who can describe the injustice and cruelties that in the course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered at the hands of Europeans? . . . If a record could be compiled of all that has happened between the white and the coloured races, it would make a book containing numbers of pages which the reader would have to turn over unread because their contents would be too horrible." (On the Edge of the Primeval Forest, p. 115). Rather than being a supporter of colonialism, Schweitzer was one of its harshest critics. In a sermon that he preached on January 6, 1905, before he had told anyone of his plans to dedicate the rest of his life to work as a doctor in Africa, he said:
''Our culture divides people into two classes: civilized men, a title bestowed on the persons who do the classifying; and others, who have only the human form, who may perish or go to the dogs for all the "civilized men" care.
Oh, this "noble" culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human dignity and human rights and then disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live overseas or because their skins are of different color or because they cannot help themselves. This culture does not know how hollow and miserable and full of glib talk it is, how common it looks to those who follow it across the seas and see what it has done there, and this culture has no right to speak of personal dignity and human rights...
I will not enumerate all the crimes that have been committed under the pretext of justice. People robbed native inhabitants of their land, made slaves of them, let loose the scum of mankind upon them. Think of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon people made subservient to us, how systematically we have ruined them with our alcoholic "gifts," and everything else we have done…We decimate them, and then, by the stroke of a pen, we take their land so they have nothing left at all…
If all this oppression and all this sin and shame are perpetrated under the eye of the German God, or the American God, or the British God, and if our states do not feel obliged first to lay aside their claim to be "Christian" - then the name of Jesus is blasphemed and made a mockery. And the Christianity of our states is blasphemed and made a mockery before those poor people. The name of Jesus has become a curse, and our Christianity - yours and mine - has become a falsehood and a disgrace, if the crimes are not atoned for in the very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed an atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step in to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; for everyone who cursed, someone must bless.
And now, when you speak about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement for all the ter­rible crimes we read of in the newspapers. We must make atonement for the still worse ones, which we do not read about in the papers, crimes that are shrouded in the silence of the jungle night…'' [Source: Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. (James Brabazon, ed., Orbis Books, 2005. pp. 76-80.]
Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused of being paternalistic or colonialist in his attitude towards Africans, and in some ways his views did differ from many liberals of the 1960s. For instance, he thought Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate education or accommodation to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer speaking these lines in 1960: "No society can go from the primeval directly to an industrial state without losing the leavening that time and an agricultural period allow." (In Africa With Schweitzer, p. 139). Chinua Achebe has quoted Schweitzer as saying "The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother." , which Achebe criticized him for, though Achebe seems to acknowledge that Schweitzer's use of the word "brother" at all was, for a European of the early 20th century, an unusual expression of human solidarity between whites and blacks. Later in his life, Schweitzer was quoted as saying "The time for speaking of older and younger brothers has passed."

Stance on racial relations
Albert Schweitzer spent most of his life in Lambaréné in what is now Gabon, Africa. After his medical studies in 1913, he went there with his wife to establish a hospital near an already existing mission post.
In 1914 World War I began and because he was a German in a French colony, Schweitzer and his wife were temporarily placed under house arrest. In 1917 they were sent to be interned in Garaison, France, and in 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. There he studied and wrote as much as possible in preparation for, among others, his famous book Culture and Ethics (published in 1923). In July 1918 he was a free man again, and while working as a medical assistant and assistant-pastor in Strassburg, he was able to finish the book. In the meantime, he began to speak and lecture about his ideas wherever he was invited. Not only did he want his philosophy on culture and ethics to become widely known, it also served as a means to raise money for the hospital in Lambaréné, for which he had already emptied his own pockets.
In 1924 he returned to Lambaréné, where he managed to rebuild the decayed hospital, after which he resumed his medical practices. Soon he was no longer the only medical doctor in the hospital, and whenever possible he went to Europe to lecture at universities. Gradually his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, not only in Europe, but worldwide.

Medicine
From 1939-1948 he stayed in Lambaréné, unable to go back to Europe in war. Three years after the end of World War II, in 1948, he returned for the first time to Europe and kept traveling back and forth (and once to the USA) as long as he could until his death in 1965.
The Nobel Peace Prize of 1952 was awarded to Dr. Albert Schweitzer. The Problem of Peace lecture by Albert Schweitzer is considered one of the best speeches ever given.
From 1952 until his death he worked against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons with Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell. In 1957 and 1958 he broadcast four speeches over Radio Oslo which were published in Peace or Atomic War. In 1957, Schweitzer was one of the founders of The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy.
His life was portrayed in the 1952 movie Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau as his nurse Marie.
He was chevalier of the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.
Schweitzer died on September 4, 1965 in Lambaréné, Gabon.
His cousin Anne-Marie Schweitzer Sartre was the mother of Jean-Paul Sartre.
Schweitzer inspired actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited in Africa. O'Brian returned to the United States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Later life

Skippers on the Jungle Cruise ride at the Magic Kingdom of the Walt Disney World Resort and in Disneyland, Anaheim point out a recreation of Schweitzer Falls on the journey. "There you can see Schweitzer Falls, named after the world famous explorer, Dr. Albert Falls," is the joke that usually follows.
In the Young Indiana Jones television series, Indy is healed by and stays with Dr. Schweitzer for a short while. Indy's experience with the doctor is said to completely change his outlook on life.
On Star Trek: Voyager, the holographic character known for most of the series simply as "Doctor" chooses the name "Albert Schweitzer" for himself while engaging on his first away mission. (Season 1, Episode 11 - "Heroes & Demons")[3]
The Peanuts series makes various references to Schweitzer.
Various references to Schweitzer are made in M*A*S*H.
Kurt Vonnegut's Cat's Cradle makes reference to Schweitzer.
Moe of The Simpsons makes reference to Homer's liberal leadership of the Stonecutters stating "He's gone mad with power, like that Albert Schweitzer guy."
In The Dark Tower V - Wolves of the Calla, Stephen King references Albert Schweitzer "getting out of a bathtub and not quite stepping on the cake of soap lying beside the pulled plug." When Eddie is imagining important historical "great things and near misses."
In Breakfast at Tiffany's, Holly Golightly, played by Audrey Hepburn, selects Schweitzer (among others) as her "ideal."
The Animal Welfare Institute recently published The Boy Who Loved All Living Things: The Imaginary Childhood Journal of Albert Schweitzer, written and illustrated by Sheila Hamanaka. Inspired by Dr. Albert Schweitzer's youth and message of compassion, the book teaches young children that animals are friends who should be treated with the utmost respect.
In the Frank Oz directed film What About Bob?, Bob Wiley (played by Bill Murray) references Albert Schweitzer while being interviewed for Good Morning America.
In the 1995 film The Net, Sandra Bullock's character describes her ideal man as a cross between Captain America and Albert Schweitzer.
In the 1987 film Empire of the Sun, Basie (played by John Malkovich) says to Jim (played by Christian Bale), "How's your friend, Dr. Schweitzer?"
In Eddie Izzard's 1998 stand-up show Dress to Kill, Eddie - known and appreciated for his cerebral humor - passingly mentions Schweitzer with the joking comment, "...and in the words of Albert Schweitzer: I fancy you."
In the 1963 Amazing Spider-Man #3 when Spider-Man breaks through a window to surprise Doctor Octopus, the Doctor exclaims "Spider-man!", to which Spider-man replies "Well, I sure ain't Albert Schweitzer!"
In Waking Life, characters discuss having a dream about having an interesting conversation with Schweitzer
In the 1960 musical Bye Bye Birdie, Rose Alvarez tells Kim Macafee that all men are awful except for Albert Schweitzer, "but I'm not his type."
Stephen Sondheim's song Can That Boy Foxtrot (cut from Follies but later used in Marry Me A Little and the film The Birdcage) includes the lines "As for being saintly, even faintly, no - but who needs Albert Schweitzer when the lights are low?" Selected bibliography
April 23, 1957 -- Dr. Schweitzer's Declaration of Conscience, was broadcast to the world over Radio Oslo, pleading for the abolition of nuclear weapons. He ended his speech, saying, "The end of further experiments with atom bombs would be like the early sunrays of hope which suffering humanity is longing for."
You can read the speech at http://tennesseeplayers.org/declaration.html

1893 - Studied Philosophy and Theology at the Universities of Strassburg, Berlin and Paris
1900 - Pastor of the Church of St. Nicolas in Strassburg
1901 - Principal of the Theological Seminary in Strassburg
1905-1913 Studied medicine and surgery
1912 - Married Helene Bresslau
1913 - Physician in Lambaréné, Africa
1915 - Developed his ethic Reverence for life
1917 - Interned in France
1918 - Medical assistant and assistant-pastor in Strassburg
1919 - First major speech about Reverence for life at the University of Uppsala, Sweden
1919 - Birth of daughter, Rhena
1924 - Return to Lambaréné as physician; frequent visits to Europe for speaking engagements
1931 - Autobiography published "Aus Meinem Leben und Denken" ("Out Of My Life and Thought")
1939-1948 Lambaréné
1949 - Visit to the United States
1948-1965 - Lambaréné and Europe.
1953 - Nobel Peace Prize for the year 1952
1957 - 1958 - Four speeches against nuclear armament and tests

Geography

Interstate 20
U.S. Highway 278
Georgia State Route 16
Georgia State Route 80
Georgia State Route 171 Major Highways

Wilkes County (north)
McDuffie County (east)
Glascock County (southeast)
Hancock County (southwest)
Taliaferro County (northwest) Demographics

Barnett
Camak
Norwood
Warrenton

Gerald Emmett Cardinal Carter, CC (March 1, 1912 - April 6, 2003) was the Archbishop of Toronto.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, he was ordained as a priest in Montreal in 1937. He was Bishop of London, Ontario from 1964 to 1978, when he was appointed Archbishop of Toronto. He retired in 1990 and was succeeded by Aloysius Matthew Cardinal Ambrozic.
In 1982 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. The library at King's University College at the University of Western Ontario in London is named after him, as is Cardinal Carter Catholic High School in Aurora, Ontario.
Cardinal Carter died in Toronto and is buried at the Bishops' Mausoleum at Holy Cross Cemetery north of Toronto.

This person is not known to be related to gymnast Teodora Ungureanu who competed for Romania in the 1970s.
Corina Georgiana Ungureanu (born August 29, 1980, Ploieşti, Romania) is a world-class Romanian gymnast who competed internationally between 1993 and 1999.
Ungureanu began gymnastics at the Petrolul Ploieşti club in her hometown of Ploieşti, but spent the major part of her career training in Bucharest under Leana Sima. At the Deva national training center, she was coached by Octavian Belu. Ungureanu's first international assignment was a junior dual meet between Romania and Germany, where she placed first with her team and eighth in the all-around. She resurfaced on the international scene again in 1996, when she won the all-around title at the EcoAir Cup. She did not compete in the 1996 Olympics, but was a member of the gold medal-winning Romanian teams at the 1997 and 1999 World Gymnastics Championships. She was forced to retire in 1999 due to a spinal cord injury.
After retiring from gymnastics, she sparked some controversy by posing nude for the January 2000 edition of Playboy Romania. These pictures were reprinted in Playboy Japan in May 2000 and led to her producing a nude photobook, Corina Ungureanu Photograph Collection (コリーナ・ウングレアーヌ 写真集, Corina Ungureanu Photograph Collection) ISBN 4-7976-7021-5, in Japan later that year. In 2002, along with former teammates Lavinia Miloşovici and Claudia Presecan, Ungureanu appeared in two Japanese DVDs, Gold Bird and Euro Angels, which included scenes of the three gymnasts performing gymnastics routines topless. A second nude photobook, LCC Gold ISBN 4-87279-118-5, appeared at the same time. A number of photographs from the photobook and DVDs were subsequently published in the Japanese magazine Shukan Gendai. An edited version of the DVDs entitled 3 Gold Girls was released in Germany in 2004.
The DVDs proved controversial as some of the scenes and publicity material featured the gymnasts in their official Romanian team leotards. It later emerged that they had not been aware of the contractual obligation to wear their official leotards until filming had already begun [1]. In the wake of the controversy, Ungureanu and her former teammates were banned from coaching or competing in Romania from 2002 to 2007. To compensate, Ungureanu spent some time coaching in Italy.
In 2004, her authorized biography, Corina Ungureanu: Beginning and End, written by Laurian Stãnchescu was published. Ungureanu is now also a spokesmodel for Bucovina SA, a bottled water company in Romania. She currently manages a coffee shop called New Haven in Ploieşti with her boyfriend. In early 2007 she took up a coaching position in England, alongside former colleague Claudia Presecan.

Government
Language distribution according to Declarations of which language group belong to/affiliated to - Population Census 2001:
Out of the 487,673 residents of the province, 223,300 are employed (2005). Most of them are working in the fields of agriculture, small businesses, industry, commerce, tourism, and the service industry, or are self-employed. The unemployment level in 2005 was roughly 2.8%, which is lower than the national Italian average of 7% (2006), or the Austrian average of 4.9% (2006). Small businesses are primarily involved cabinet making, construction, painting and decorating, plumbing, meat preparation, and baking. The province also acts as a bridge between the northern European and Italian markets, and hotel stays account for 8 percent of the money Italy earns from hotels and other lodging.

Statistics
The Province of Bolzano-Bozen is located at the northernmost point in Italy. The province is bordered by Austria to the east and north and by Switzerland to the west. The Italian provinces of Belluno, Trento, and Sondrio border to the southeast, south, and southwest, respectively. The landscape itself is mostly cultivated with different types of shrubs and forests.

Geography
Mountains dot many parts of the landscape. Many of these mountains belong to the Alps, which extend through many Central European nations. In this mountain chain, there is a smaller group called the Ortler Alps. In this group, which is considered the centre of the Italian Alps, there is a mountain called the Ortler, which rises 3 905 m above sea level, and is the highest peak in the Ortler Alps. Another group of mountains located in South Tyrol are the Dolomites. The Dolomites are a section of the main alpine chain, of which equal parts are located in the South Tyrol and in neighbouring Italian provinces. The mountain Sciliar (2 563 m) is part of the Dolomite chain.
Other mountains located in Alto Adige/Südtirol are:

Catinaccio
Latemar
Tre Cime di Lavaredo
Zainggerberg History

Gordon Willard Allport (November 11, 1897 - October 9, 1967) was an American psychologist. He was born in Montezuma, Indiana, the youngest of four brothers. One of his older brothers, Floyd Henry Allport, was an important and influential psychologist as well. Gordon W. Allport was a long time and influential member of the faculty at Harvard University from 1930-1967. His works include Becoming, Pattern and Growth in Personality, The Individual and His Religion, and perhaps his most influential book The Nature of Prejudice.
Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the fathers of personality psychology. He rejected both a psychoanalytic approach to personality, which he thought often went too deep, and a behavioral approach, which he thought often did not go deep enough. He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to past history, for understanding the personality.
Allport had a profound and lasting influence on the field of psychology, even though his work is cited much less often than other well known figures. Part of his influence stemmed from his knack for attacking and broadly conceptualizing important and interesting topics (e.g. rumor, prejudice, religion, traits). Part of his influence was a result of the deep and lasting impression he made on his students during his long teaching career, many of whom went on to have important psychological careers. Among his many students were Jerome S. Bruner, Anthony Greenwald, Stanley Milgram, Leo Postman, Thomas Pettigrew, and M. Brewster Smith.

Visit with Freud
Allport is known as a "trait" psychologist. One of his early projects was to go through the dictionary and locate every term that he thought could describe a person. From this, he developed a list of 3000 trait like words. He organized these into three levels of traits.
1. Cardinal trait - This is the trait that dominates and shapes a person's behavior. These are rare as most people lack a single theme that shapes their lives.
2. Central trait - This is a general characteristic found in some degree in every person. These are the basic building blocks that shape most of our behavior although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits. An example of a central trait would be honesty.
3. Secondary trait - These are characteristics seen only in certain circumstances (such as particular likes or dislikes that a very close friend may know). They must be included to provide a complete picture of human complexity.

Functional Autonomy

Becoming: Basic Considerations for a Psychology of Personality. (1983). New Haven : Yale University. ISBN 0300002645
The Nature of Prejudice. (1954; 1979). Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. ISBN 0201001780
The Nature of Personality: Selected Papers. (1950; 1975). Westport, CN : Greenwood Press. ISBN 0837174325
Pattern and Growth in Personality. (1961). Harcourt College Pub. ISBN 0030108101
Psychology of Rumor. [with Leo Postman] (1948). Henry Holt and Co. ASIN B000J52DQU Secondary literature
Allport's scale

The John Rylands University Library (JRUL) is the University of Manchester's library and information service. It was formed in 1972 from the merger of the library of the Victoria University of Manchester with the John Rylands Library. On October 1, 2004 it joined the library of the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology on the merger of the two universities.

The Sognefjord (Sognefjorden) is the second largest fjord in the world after Scoresby Sund on Greenland, and the largest in Norway. Situated in Sogn og Fjordane in Western Norway, its mouth is about 72km (45mi) north of Bergen, and it stretches 203km (126mi) inland to the small village of Skjolden.
The fjord reaches a maximum depth of 1,308 m below sea level. The greatest depths are found some way inland. Near its mouth, the bottom rises abruptly to a sill about 100m below sea level. The average width of the main branch of the Sognefjord is about three miles. Cliffs surrounding the fjord rise almost sheer from the water to heights of 1000m and more.
Boats connect settlements along the fjord and its sidearms. Towns on the fjord and its branches include Høyanger, Vik i Sogn, Sogndal, Lærdal, Årdal, Gaupne, Balestrand, Gudvangen and Flåm. Gudvangen is situated by the Nærøyfjord, a branch of the Sognefjord particularly noted for its unspoilt nature and dramatic scenery ([1]), and only 300 m across at its narrowest point. The Nærøyfjord is now on UNESCO's world heritage list. From Flåm, the famous Flåmsbana railway climbs 864m up to Myrdal in only 20km - the steepest unassisted railway climb in the world.
Over the Sognefjord a power line with a span of 4597 m is installed. This is the second largest span of power lines in the world.
The fjord's beauty and the surpassing magnitude of its landscape has made it very popular among tourists, who power much of the local economy in summer season.
Lusterfjord On the innermost arm of the Sognerfjord a small tourist attraction called Lusterfjord exists. A beautiful extension of the second largest fjord in the world it is surrounded by the Jotunheimen Mountains and intercedes with the Jotunheimen National Park. In earlier times the fjord was the easiest way to head from Skolden at the opening of the Sognefjord all the way to Bergen. Fishermen and merchants traversed this beautiful landscape monthly to transport foreign goods as well as Norway's famous Cod fish to the inner realms of the picturesque country.

The Gainsborough Line is the marketing name of the Sudbury Branch Line, a railway line from Sudbury to Marks Tey. The line is single track running through the rural area on the border of Essex and Suffolk. Connecting trains from Marks Tey station put London, Colchester and other destinations in East Anglia within easy reach.
The line was designated as a "Community Railway".

The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union) negotiated the details of treaties of Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland. (See the List of countries involved in World War II.)
The treaties allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to reassume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.
The settlement elaborated in the peace treaties included payment of war reparations, commitment to minority rights and territorial adjustments including the end of the Italian colonial empire in Africa and changes to the Hungarian-Slovak, Romanian-Hungarian, Soviet-Romanian, Bulgarian-Romanian and Soviet-Finnish frontiers.
The political clauses stipulated that the signatory should "take all measures necessary to secure to all persons under (its) jurisdiction, without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion, the enjoyment of human rights and of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting".
No penalties were to be visited on nationals because of wartime partisanship for the Allies. Each government undertook to prevent the resurgence of fascist organizations or any others, "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights."
Particularly in Finland, the dictated border adjustment was perceived as a major injustice and a betrayal by the Western Powers, after the sympathy Finland had received from the West during the Soviet-initiated Winter War of 1939 - 1940. However, this sympathy had been eroded by Finland's decision to join in Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union, making it one of Hitler's most important allies. The Soviet Union's accessions of territory were confirmed based on the Moscow Armistice signed in Moscow on September 19, 1944, which had ended the Continuation War between Finland and Soviet Union.

War reparations
The war reparation problem proved to be one of the most difficult arising from post-war conditions. The Soviet Union, the country most heavily ravaged by the war, felt entitled to the maximum amounts possible, with the exception of Bulgaria, which was perceived as being the most sympathetic of the former enemy states. In the cases of Romania and Hungary, the reparation terms as set forth in their armistices were relatively high and were not revised.
Finland is the only country listed which has fully paid war reparations.
War reparations at 1938 prices:
The collapse of the Soviet Union has not led to any formal revision of the Paris Peace Treaties, although the wars of the former Yugoslavia have caused fundamental territorial change in south-eastern Europe.

$360,000,000 from Italy

• $125,000,000 to Yugoslavia
  $105,000,000 to Greece
  $100,000,000 to the Soviet Union,
  $25,000,000 to Ethiopia,
  $5,000,000 to Albania.
  $300,000,000 from Finland to the Soviet Union (fully paid)
  $300,000,000 from Hungary
  
  
  
  • $200,000,000 to the Soviet Union
    $100,000,000 to Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
    $300,000,000 from Romania to the Soviet Union
    $70,000,000 from Bulgaria
    
    
    
    • $45,000,000 to Greece
      $25,000,000 to Yugoslavia

Taieri College, formerly called The Taieri High School, is a co-educational state school in Mosgiel, Dunedin, New Zealand.
In 2003 a review of the schools on the Taieri Plains by the New Zealand Ministry of Education proposed that the high school would merge with Mosgiel Intermediate School to become Taieri College from 2004. Because of this merger, ready-made classrooms were built for the intermediate students, as well as a second technology block. The roll expanded to over 800 in its first year, compared with the former high school's number of under 650 students.

Classrooms
In 2005 it was announced that more classrooms were to be built as well as refurbishment of present classroom blocks. In 2006 the roll exceeded 1000, making it one of Otago's largest schools. Zoning has been proposed to cap or maintain future numbers, as classroom space is becoming limited, even though a new two-storey classroom block is well on its way to completion.