The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music or ABRSM is an educational body that provides examinations in music. Often referred to simply as the "Associated Board", or "the Royal Schools of Music", the organisation is based in London, but runs examination centres all over the world. In addition, the ABRSM is a publishing house for music, that produces syllabuses, music pieces and exam papers which assist students in preparing for their exams. The Royal Schools of the title are:
Over 620,000 candidates take ABRSM examinations each year in over ninety countries. They offer graded exams as well as more advanced diploma qualifications.

Royal Academy of Music
Royal College of Music
Royal Northern College of Music
Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Graded Exams
These are by far the most commonly taken exams. Available for over 35 instruments, these exams consist of 4 different sections:
The exams are marked out of 150: 100 or more is a pass; 120 or more is a pass with merit; 130 or more is a pass with distinction.

Set Pieces. The student is required to play three pieces (four, known by heart, for singers doing Grades 6-8) prepared beforehand. These pieces are selected from the current syllabus for the instrument and grade, usually one piece from each of given groups. For most instruments, two of these pieces are played accompanied, with the third played solo. Each piece is marked out of 30. The passing mark is 20. (For Grades 6-8 singing, the pieces are out of 24/24/21/21 for each piece, the pass mark being 16/16/14/14 respectively.)
Scales. Various scales, arpeggios and broken chords, according to the grade of difficulty, are examined. Scales are marked out of 21. The passing mark is 14.
Sight Reading. The student is presented with an unseen piece, has 30 seconds to prepare, and then must play to the best of his or her ability. Sight reading is marked out of 21. The passing mark is 14.
Aural Awareness. Various exercises are played by the examiner and the student is required to demonstrate skills in listening to music, for example clapping the rhythm or singing the melody. Aural is marked out of 18. The passing mark is 12. Theory Exams
These exams are designed to test an understanding of rhythm, melody, key and notation together with the ability to sing and play from memory, and improvise and to recognise changes to and answer questions about a score. A Grade 5 Practical Musicianship pass is one option that allows candidates to continue further than grade 5 on any Associated Board musical instrument graded examinations.

Practical Musicianship
These are the newest types of exams, with jazz piano first being offered in 1999. At present, they are only available for flute, piano, clarinet, saxophone, trumpet and trombone. They are also only available from Grades 1-5. They are marked in the same way as practical exams. However many of the pieces include large improvisational sections, where the instrumentalist is required to fill in the empty bars with their own melody to fit the standard chord progression listed above. A Grade 5 Jazz Exam pass is one option that allows candidates to continue further than grade 5 on any Associated Board musical instrument graded examinations.

Jazz Exams
The ABRSM offer diplomas in three disciplines:
For each discipline there are three levels of award:
These are professional qualifications, and entitle the owner to append the letters after his or her name.
The content of the DipABRSM, LRSM and FRSM (Instrumental performance ONLY) are divided as follows: Section 1, Recital; and Section 2, Viva Voce and Quick Study. Candidates perform various pieces from a selected list and may select works other than those listed but should not exceed one third of the entire recital programme. Recital time for DipABRSM is 35 minutes,for LRSM is 40 minutes while for FRSM the time range is around 50 minutes.
Before the Viva Voce, the candidate must submit a written programme notes on the day of the exam (for FRSM, the written submission should be submitted with the application form, in the form of an essay with in-depth analysis and requires sophisticated knowledge of the history, context of the composer as well as the era in which the works were composed) which should include background information as well as sufficient information and analysis of the works that are performed. The examiner(s) would engage in a conversation with the candidate concerning the notes submitted as well as other related questions that would allow the candidate to demonstrate his or her knowledge as a professional musician.
The Quick Study would be a short piece with an equivalent difficulty of an ABRSM Grade 6 piece (for DipABRSM), an ABRSM Grade 7 piece (for LRSM) and an ABRSM Grade 8 piece (for FRSM).

Music Performance
Music Direction
Instrumental/Vocal Teaching
DipABRSM (Diploma of The Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music)
LRSM (Licentiate of the Royal Schools of Music)
FRSM (Fellowship of the Royal Schools of Music) Criticism
The ABRSM's publishing department was first set-up in 1921. It was used to provide suitable music for examinations, performance editions of popular works and provide new instructional compositions. One of the original editors was Sir Donald Tovey who wrote informative notes on the music which are still highly-regarded today. The department grew, until 1985, when ABRSM (Publishing) Ltd. was established as a separate company.
They continued to produce copies of popular works, along with commentaries from distinguished editors. They publish contemporary music in their 'Spectrum' series of books. They also publish a variety of publications for beginners and younger instrumentalists.

Ticket may refer to:
Ticket (admission), a card or slip of paper used to gain admission to a location or event
Ticket (election), a single election choice which fills more than one political office or seat
Ticket (receipt), a card or slip of paper that designates one's position in a queue or ownership of an item to be picked up
Ticket (notification), a notice of commission of a legal infraction
Ticket (IT support), a file documenting a reported problem and the steps taken to resolve it
Ticket (IT security), a number generated by a network server as a means of authentication
Ticket cases, a series of cases in contract law
Airline ticket, a document created by an airline or a travel agent to confirm that an individual has purchased a seat on an airplane.
Electronic ticket, an electronic form of Airline ticket.
Coach ticket, a document created by a coach operator or a travel agent to confirm that an individual has purchased a seat on a coach.
Traffic ticket

Irène Joliot-Curie née Curie, (12 September 1897 – 17 March 1956) was a French scientist, the daughter of Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie and the wife of Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Jointly with her husband, Irène was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of artificial radioactivity. This made the Curies the family with most Nobel laureates to date. Both children of the Joliot-Curies, Hélène and Pierre, are also esteemed scientists.

Childhood and education
Initially Irène was taken by her mother to Brittany but a year later when Irène turned 18, she was re-united with her mother running the 20 mobile field hospitals that Marie had established. The hospitals were equipped with primitive X-ray equipment made possible by the Curies' radiochemical research. This technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as a nurse radiographers, being exposed to large doses of radiation themselves.
After the War Irène returned to Paris to study at The Radium Institute that had been built by her parents, completed in 1914 but empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha rays of polonium, the second element discovered by her parents and named after Marie's country of birth, Poland. Irène became Doctor of Science in 1925.

World War I and after
As she neared the end of her doctorate in 1924 she was asked to teach the precise laboratory techniques required for radiochemical research to a young chemical engineer called Frédéric Joliot. In 1926 they were married (the couple both hyphenated their surnames). 11 months later, their daughter Hélène, who herself was to become an internationally acclaimed physicist, was born and 5 years after that, in 1932, a son, Pierre (like Irène's father).
From 1928 Irène and Frédéric combined their research interests on the study of atomic nuclei. Though their experiments identified both the positron and the neutron they failed to interpret the significance of the results and the discoveries were later claimed by C.D. Anderson and James Chadwick respectively. These discoveries would have secured greatness indeed as together with J.J. Thompson's discovery of the electron (in 1897) they finally replaced Dalton's theory of atoms being solid spherical particles.
Finally, in 1934 they made the discovery that sealed their place in scientific history. Building on the work of Marie and Pierre, who had isolated naturally occurring radioactive elements, Irène and Frédéric realised the alchemist's dream of turning one element into another, creating radioactive nitrogen from boron and then radioactive isotopes of phosphorus from aluminium and silicon from magnesium. By now the application of radioactive materials for use in medicine was growing and this discovery lead to an ability to create radioactive materials quickly, cheaply and plentifully. The Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935 brought with it fame and recognition from the scientific community and Irène was awarded a professorship at the Faculty of Science.
Irène's group pioneered research into radium nuclei that lead a separate group of German physicists to discover nuclear fission; the splitting of the nucleus itself and the vast amounts of energy emitted as a result.

Health problems and death
Joliot-Curie's daughter, Hélène Langevin-Joliot, is a respected nuclear physicist and a professor at the University of Paris, and her son, Pierre Joliot, is a noted biochemist at the CNRS.

Richard Rawlinson (February 3, 1690 - April 6, 1755) was an English clergyman and antiquarian collector of books and manuscripts, which he bequeathed to the Bodleian Library, Oxford.
He was a younger son of Sir Thomas Rawlinson (1647-1708), Lord Mayor of London in 1705-6, and a brother of Thomas Rawlinson (1681-1725), the bibliophile who ruined himself in the South Sea Company, at whose sale in 1734 Richard bought many of the Orientalia. He was educated at St Paul's School, at Eton College, and at St John's College, Oxford. In 1714 he ws elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, where he was inducted by Newton. In 1716 he was ordained, but as he was a nonjuror (see Nonjuring schism) and Jacobite, the ceremony was performed by a non-juring bishop, Jeremy Collier.
Rawlinson then travelled in England and on the continent of Europe, where he passed several years, making very diverse collections Cutting the Society of Antiquaries from his bequests, he began transferring his collections to the Bodleian. A series of almanacs in 175 volumes, ranging in date from 1607 to 1747 arrived in 1752-55. At his death Rawlinson left to the Library 5,205 manuscripts bound in volumes that include many rare broadsides and other printed ephemera, his curiosities, and some other property that endowed a professorship of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford. He was also a benefactor to St John's College, Oxford.
A collateral descendent was Sir H.C. Rawlinson, F.R.S., who deciphered cuneiform.

Notes

See the terminology section, below, regarding inconsistent use of the terms assembly and assembler.
An assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. It implements a symbolic representation of the numeric machine codes and other constants needed to program a particular CPU architecture. This representation is usually defined by the hardware manufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (called mnemonics) that help the programmer remember individual instructions, registers, etc. An assembly language is thus specific to a certain physical or virtual computer architecture (as opposed to most high-level languages, most of which are portable).
Assembly languages were first developed in the 1950s, when they were referred to as second generation programming languages. They eliminated much of the error-prone and time-consuming first-generation programming needed with the earliest computers, freeing the programmer from tedium such as remembering numeric codes and calculating addresses. They were once widely used for all sorts of programming. However, by the 1980s (1990s on small computers), their use had largely been supplanted by high-level languages, in the search for improved programming productivity. Today, assembly language is used primarily for direct hardware manipulation, or to address critical performance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systems.
A utility program called an assembler, is used to translate assembly language statements into the target computer's machine code. The assembler performs a more or less isomorphic translation (a one-to-one mapping) from mnemonic statements into machine instructions and data. (This is in contrast with high-level languages, in which a single statement generally results in many machine instructions. A compiler, analogous to an assembler, is used to translate high-level language statements into machine code; or an interpreter executes statements directly.)
Many sophisticated assemblers offer additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, control the assembly process, and aid debugging. In particular, most modern assemblers include a macro facility (described below), and are called macro assemblers.

Key concepts
Compare with: microassembler.
Typically a modern assembler creates object code by translating assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, and by resolving symbolic names for memory locations and other entities. The use of symbolic references is a key feature of assemblers, saving tedious calculations and manual address updates after program modifications. Most assemblers also include macro facilities for performing textual substitution — e.g., to generate common short sequences of instructions to run inline, instead of in a subroutine.
Assemblers are generally simpler to write than compilers for high-level languages, and have been available since the 1950s. Modern assemblers, especially for RISC based architectures, such as MIPS, Sun SPARC and HP PA-RISC, optimize instruction scheduling to exploit the CPU pipeline efficiently.
More sophisticated high-level assemblers provide language abstractions such as:
See Language design below for more details.
Note that, in normal professional usage, the term assembler is often used ambiguously: It is frequently used to refer to an assembly language itself, rather than to the assembler utility. Thus: "CP/CMS was written in S/360 assembler" as opposed to "ASM-H was a widely-used S/370 assembler."

Advanced control structures
High-level procedure/function declarations and invocations
High-level abstract data types, including structures/records, unions, classes, and sets
Sophisticated macro processing
Object-Oriented features as encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, interfaces Assembler
A program written in assembly language consists of a series of instructions mnemonics that correspond to a stream of executable instructions, when translated by an assembler, that can be loaded into memory and executed.
For example, an x86/IA-32 processor can execute the following binary instruction as expressed in machine language:
The equivalent assembly language representation is easier to remember (more mnemonic):
This instruction means:
The mnemonic "mov" is an operation code or opcode, and was chosen by the instruction set designer to abbreviate "move." A comma-separated list of arguments or parameters follows the opcode; this is a typical assembly language statement.
Transforming assembly into machine language is accomplished by an assembler, and the reverse by a disassembler. Unlike in high-level languages, there is usually a one-to-one correspondence between simple assembly statements and machine language instructions. However, in some cases, an assembler may provide pseudoinstructions which expand into several machine language instructions to provide commonly needed functionality. For example, for a machine that lacks a "branch if greater or equal" instruction, an assembler may provide a pseudoinstruction that expands to the machine's "set if less than" and "branch if zero (on the result of the set instruction)". Most full-featured assemblers also provide a rich macro language (discussed below) which is used by vendors and programmers to generate more complex code and data sequences.
Every computer architecture has its own machine language. On this level, each instruction is simple enough to be executed using a relatively small number of electronic circuits. Computers differ by the number and type of operations they support. For example a new 64-bit machine would have different circuitry than a 32-bit machine. They may also have different sizes and numbers of registers, and different representations of data types in storage. While most general-purpose computers are able to carry out essentially the same functionality, the ways they do so differ; the corresponding assembly languages reflect these differences.
Multiple sets of mnemonics or assembly-language syntax may exist for a single instruction set, typically instantiated in different assembler programs. In these cases, the most popular one is usually that supplied by the manufacturer and used in its documentation.

Binary: 10110000 01100001 (Hexadecimal: 0xb061)
mov al, 061h
Move the hexadecimal value 61 (97 decimal) into the processor register named "al". Assembly language

Language design
Instructions (statements) in assembly language are generally very simple, unlike in a high-level language. Each instruction typically consists of an operation or opcode plus zero or more operands. Most instructions refer to a single value, or pair of values. Generally, an opcode is a symbolic name for a single executable machine language instruction.
Most assemblers also support pseudo-operations, which are directives obeyed by the assembler at assembly time instead of the CPU at run time. (For example, pseudo-ops would be used to reserve storage areas and optionally set their initial contents.) Often the names of pseudo-ops start with a dot to distinguish them from machine instructions.
Some assemblers also support pseudo-instructions, which generate two or more machine instructions.
Symbolic assemblers allow programmers to associate arbitrary names (labels or symbols) with memory locations. Usually, every constants and variable is given a name so that instructions can reference them by name, making the code more self-explanatory. In executable code, the name of each subroutine is associated with its entry point, so that calls to that subroutine can use its name. Inside subroutines, GOTO destinations are given labels. Some assemblers support local symbols which are lexically distinct from normal symbols (eg., "10$") for use as GOTO destinations.
Most assemblers provide flexible symbol management, letting programmers manage different namespaces, automatically calculate offsets within data structures, and assign labels that refer to literal values or the result of simple computations performed by the assembler. Labels can also be used to initialize constants and variables with relocatable addresses.
Assembly languages, like most other computer languages, allow comments to be added to assembly source code that are ignored by the assembler. Good use of comments is even more important with assembly code than with higher-level languages.
Wise use of these facilities can greatly simplify the problems of coding and maintaining low-level code. Raw assembly source code as generated by compilers or disassemblers — i.e. without comments, meaningful symbols, or data definitions — is quite difficult to read.

Basic elements
Many assemblers support macros, programmer-defined symbols that stand for some sequence of text lines. This sequence of text lines may include a sequence of instructions, or a sequence of data storage pseudo-ops. Once a macro has been defined using the appropriate pseudo-op, its name may be used in place of an opcode. When the assembler processes such a statement, it replaces the statement with the text lines associated with that macro, then processes them just as though they had appeared in the source code file all along (including, in better assemblers, expansion of any macros appearing in the replacement text).
Since macros can have short names but expand to several lines of code, they can be used to make assembly language programs much shorter. They can also be used to add higher levels of structure to assembly programs.
Many assemblers have built-in macros for system calls and other special code sequences.
Macro assemblers often allow macros to take parameters. Some assemblers include quite sophisticated macro languages, incorporating such high-level language elements as optional parameters, symbolic variables, conditionals, string manipulation, and arithmetic operations, all usable during the execution of a given macro, and allowing macros to save context or exchange information. Thus a macro might emit a large number of assembly language instructions or data definitions, based on the macro arguments. This could be used to generate record-style data structures or "unrolled" loops, for example, or could generate entire algorithms based on complex parameters. An organization using assembly language that has been heavily extended using such a macro suite can be considered to be working in a (slightly) higher-level language such programmers are not working with a computer's lowest-level conceptual elements.
Macros were used to customize large scale software systems for specific customers in the mainframe era and were also used by customer personnel to satisfy their employers' needs by making specific versions of manufacturer operating systems; this was done, for example, by systems programmers working with IBM's Conversational Monitor System/Virtual Machine (CMS/VM) and with its "real time transaction processing" add-on, Customer Information Control System, CICS.
It was also possible to use solely the macro processing capabilities of an assembler to generate code written in completely different languages, for example, to generate a version of a program in Cobol using a pure macro assembler program containing lines of Cobol code inside assembly time operators instructing the assembler to generate arbitrary code.
This was because, as was realized in the 1970s, the concept of "macro processing" is independent of the concept of "assembly", the former being in modern terms more word processing, text processing, than generating object code. The concept of macro processing in fact appeared in and appears in the C programming language, which supports "preprocessor instructions" to set variables, and make conditional tests on their values. Note that unlike certain previous macro processors inside assemblers, the C preprocessor was not "Turing complete" because it lacked the ability to either loop or "go to", the latter allowing the programmer to loop.
Despite the power of macro processing, it fell into desuetude in high level languages while remaining a perennial for assemblers.
This was because many programmers were rather confused by macro parameter substitution and did not disambiguate macro processing from assembly and execution.
Macro parameter substititution is strictly by name: at macro processing time, the value of a parameter is textually substituted for its name. The most famous class of bugs resulting was the use of a parameter that itself was an expression and not a simple name when the macro writer expected a name. In the macro
foo: macro a load a*b
the intention was that the caller would provide the name of a variable, and the "global" variable or constant b would be used to multiply "a". If foo is called with the parameter a-c, an unexpected macro expansion occurs.
To avoid this, users of macro processors learned to religiously parenthesize formal parameters inside macro definitions, and callers had to do the same to their "actual" parameters.
Therefore the two high level languages to import macro processing, PL/I and C, featured macros, but this facility was underused or dangerous when used. Today, macro processing's ability to generate the specific from the general is handled much better by abstract classes and interfaces in object-oriented programming. This is because OO programming separates concerns about text from concerns about meaning and semantics.
Some macro processors of the first generation were hyperdeveloped. For example, why not provide macro definition capability inside macros? It was found on the whole that, absent a clear notion of class and object "back in the day", what one had, in the hyperdeveloped macro processor was less a problem-solving tool than a sort of Emacs, the both famous and infamous word processor for unix, which could do "almost anything"...with code that looked like an explosion in a gnome factory, littered with gnomic body parts.

Macros
Some assemblers have incorporated structured programming elements to encode execution flow. The earliest example of this approach was in the Concept-14 macro set developed by Marvin Zloof at IBM's Thomas Watson Research Center, which extended the S/370 macro assembler with IF/ELSE/ENDIF and similar control flow blocks. This was a way to reduce or eliminate the use of GOTO operations in assembly code, one of the main factors causing spaghetti code in assembly language. This approach was widely accepted in the early 80s (the latter days of large-scale assembly language use).
A curious design was A-natural, a "stream-oriented" assembler for 8080/Z80 processors from Whitesmiths Ltd. (developers of the Unix-like Idris Operating System, and what was reported to be the first commercial C compiler). The language was classified as an assembler, because it worked with raw machine elements such as opcodes, registers, and memory references; but it incorporated an expression syntax to indicate execution order. Parentheses and other special symbols, along with block-oriented structured programming constructs, controlled the sequence of the generated instructions. A-natural was built as the object language of a C compiler, rather than for hand-coding, but its logical syntax won some fans.
There has been little apparent demand for more sophisticated assemblers since the decline of large-scale assembly language development.

Support for structured programming

Use of assembly language
Historically, a large number of programs have been written entirely in assembly language. Operating systems were almost exclusively written in assembly language until the widespread acceptance of C in the 1970s and early 1980s. Many commercial applications were written in assembly language as well, including a large amount of the IBM mainframe software written by large corporations. COBOL and FORTRAN eventually displaced much of this work, although a number of large organizations retained assembly-language application infrastructures well into the 80s.
Most early microcomputers relied on hand-coded assembly language, including most operating systems and large applications. This was because these systems had severe resource constraints, imposed idiosyncratic memory and display architectures, and provided limited, buggy system services. Perhaps more important was the lack of first-class high-level language compilers suitable for microcomputer use. A psychological factor may have also played a role: the first generation of microcomputer programmers retained a hobbyist, "wires and pliers" attitude.
In a more commercial context, the biggest reasons for using assembly language were size (and hence speed), and reliability: the writers of Cardbox-Plus said simply "we use assembler because then all the bugs are ours". This held true for 8-bit versions of the program, which had no bugs at all, but ironically it turned out to be false with 16 bits: Cardbox-Plus 2.0 had to be upgraded to Cardbox-Plus 2.1 because a bug in Microsoft's macro assembler caused Cardbox-Plus to index the number "-0" differently from the number "0".
Typical examples of large assembly language programs from this time are the MS-DOS operating system, the early IBM PC spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3, and almost all popular games for the Commodore 64. Even into the 1990s, most console video games were written in assembly, including most games for the Mega Drive/Genesis and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was The Assembler for the unexpanded VIC-20, written by Don French and published by French Silk. It was only 1639 bytes in length but was packed with features for its size. The Assembler supported the usual symbolic addressing and the definition of character strings and hex strings, but it also allowed address expressions of any number of terms combined with +-*/, logical AND, logical OR, and exponentiation operators.
Perhaps the last and greatest example of fine assembly coded software is SSI's Flanker v1.0 through v1.5, which was entirely hand coded in IA32 Assembler for 486-class IBM-compatible PC's running MS-DOS and Windows 95. This permitted a truly robust implementation of a very complex numerical simulation.

Historical perspective
There has always been debate over the usefulness and performance of assembly language relative to high-level languages, though this gets less attention today. Assembly language has specific niche uses where it is important; see below. But in general, modern optimizing compilers are claimed to render high-level languages into code that can run as fast as hand-written assembly, despite some counter-examples that can be created. The complexity of modern processors makes effective hand-optimization increasingly difficult. Moreover, and to the dismay of efficiency lovers, increasing processor performance has meant that most CPUs sit idle most of the time, with delays caused by predictable bottlenecks such as I/O operations and paging. This has made raw code execution speed a non-issue for most programmers (hence the increasing use of interpreted languages without apparent performance impact).
There are really only a handful of situations where today's expert practitioners would choose assembly language:
Few programmers today need to use assembly language on a daily basis. For most applications, a higher-level language like C or C++ is generally chosen.
Nevertheless, assembly language is still taught in most Computer Science and Electronic Engineering programs. Although few programmers today regularly work with assembly language as a tool, the underlying concepts remain very important. Such fundamental topics as binary arithmetic, memory allocation, stack processing, character set encoding, interrupt processing, and compiler design would be hard to study in detail without a grasp of how a computer operates at the hardware level. Since a computer's behavior is fundamentally defined by its instruction set, the logical way to learn such concepts is to study an assembly language. Most modern computers have similar instruction sets. Therefore, studying a single assembly language is sufficient to learn: i) The basic concepts; ii) To recognize situations where the use of assembly language might be appropriate; and iii) To see how efficient executable code can be created from high-level languages.

When a stand-alone binary executable is required, i.e. one that must execute without recourse to the run-time components or libraries associated with a high-level language; this is perhaps the most common situation. These are embedded programs that store only a small amount of memory and the device is intended to do single purpose tasks. Such examples consist of telephones, automobile fuel and ignition systems, air-conditioning control systems, security systems, and sensors.
When interacting directly with the hardware, e.g., in a device driver. Examples consist of sound and video cards, hard drives, modems, and printers. For example printer manufacturers create a different driver for each model that they sell that correlates with a specific operating system.
When using processor-specific instructions not exploited by or available to the compiler. A common example is the bitwise rotation instruction at the core of many encryption algorithms.
When extreme optimization is required, e.g., in an inner loop in a processor-intensive algorithm. Game programmers are experts at writing code that takes advantage of the capabilities of hardware features in systems enabling the games to run faster.
When a system with severe resource constraints (e.g., an embedded system) must be hand-coded to maximize the use of limited resources; but this is becoming less common as processor price/performance improves
When no high-level language exists, e.g., on a new or specialized processor
Real-time programs that need precise timing and responses, such as simulations, flight navigation systems, and medical equipment. (For example, in a fly-by-wire system, telemetry must be interpreted and acted upon within strict time constraints. Such systems must eliminate sources of unpredictable delays – such as may be created by interpreted languages, automatic garbage collection, paging operations, or preemptive multitasking. Some higher-level languages incorporate run-time components and operating system interfaces that can introduce such delays. Choosing assembly or lower-level languages for such systems gives the programmer greater visibility and control over processing details.)
When complete control over the environment is required (for example in extremely high security situations, where nothing can be taken for granted).
When working as a reverse engineer for anti-virus companies, disassembling viruses to write patches (or if, perversely, one is writing viruses).
Reverse engineering of video games (known as ROM Hacking) particularly games for Nintendo hardware such as the SNES and GBA is possible with a range of techniques, the most powerful of which is altering the assembly language.
ASM is also still used for writing games and other software for graphics calculators for example see http://tifreakware.net/tutorials/89/a/calc/fargoii.htm
Finally, compiler writers usually write code to generate assembly code Current usage
Hand-coded assembly language is typically used in a system's boot ROM (BIOS on IBM-compatible PC systems). This low-level code is used, among other things, to initialize and test the system hardware prior to booting the OS, and is stored in ROM. Once a certain level of hardware initialization has taken place, execution transfers to other code, typically written in higher level languages; but the code running immediately after power is applied is usually written in assembly language. The same is true of most boot loaders.
Many compilers render high-level languages into assembly first before fully compiling, allowing the assembly code to be viewed for debugging and optimization purposes. Relatively low-level languages, such as C, often provide special syntax to embed assembly language directly in the source code. Programs using such facilities, such as the Linux kernel, can then construct abstractions utilizing different assembly language on each hardware platform. The system's portable code can then utilize these processor-specific components through a uniform interface.
Assembly language is also valuable in reverse engineering, since many programs are distributed only in machine code form, and machine code is usually easy to translate into assembly language and carefully examine in this form, but very difficult to translate into a higher-level language. Tools such as the Interactive Disassembler make extensive use of disassembly for such a purpose.
A particular niche that makes use of the assembly language is the demoscene. Certain competitions require the contestants to restrict their creations to a very small size(e.g. 1Kb, 4Kbs, 64Kbs), and assembly language becomes the language of choice to achieve this aim.

Typical applications

Note: Calling the language assembler is of course potentially confusing and ambiguous, since this is also the name of the utility program that translates assembly language statements into machine code. Some may regard this as imprecision or error. However, this usage has been common among professionals and in the literature for decades.)

Assembly language or assembler language is commonly called assembly, assembler, ASM, or symbolic machine code. A generation of IBM mainframe programmers called it BAL for Basic Assembly Language.
The computational step where an assembler is run, including all macro processing, is known as assembly time.
The use of the word assembly dates from the early years of computers (cf. short code, speed code/"speedcoding").
A cross assembler (see cross compiler) produces code for one type of processor, but runs on another. This technology is particularly important when developing software for new processors, or when developing for embedded systems. This allows, for instance, a 32bit x86 processor to assemble code to run on a 64bit x64 processor. Related terminology
For any given personal computer, mainframe, embedded system, and game console, both past and present, at least one--possibly dozens--of assemblers have been written. For some examples, see the list of assemblers.
On Unix systems, the assembler is traditionally called as, although it is not a single body of code, being typically written anew for each port. A number of Unix variants use GAS.
Within processor groups, each assembler has its own dialect. Sometimes, some assemblers can read another assembler's dialect, for example, TASM can read old MASM code, but not the reverse. FASM and NASM have similar syntax, but each support different macros that could make them difficult to translate to each other. The basics are all the same, but the advanced features will differ.
Also, assembly can sometimes be portable across different operating systems on the same type of CPU. Calling conventions between operating systems often differ slightly or not at all, and with care it is possible to gain some portability in assembly language, usually by linking with a C library that does not change between operating systems. However, it is not possible to link portably with C libraries that require the caller to use preprocessor macros that may change between operating systems.
For example, many things in libc depend on the preprocessor to do OS-specific, C-specific things to the program before compiling. In fact, some functions and symbols are not even guaranteed to exist outside of the preprocessor. Worse, the size and field order of structs, as well as the size of certain typedefs such as off_t, are entirely unavailable in assembly language, and differ even between versions of Linux, making it impossible to portably call functions in libc other than ones that only take simple integers and pointers as parameters. To address this issue, FASMLIB project provides portable assembly library for Win32 and Linux platforms, but it is yet very incomplete.
Some higher level computer languages, such as C, support inline assembly where relatively brief sections of assembly code can be embedded into the high level language code. Borland Pascal also had an assembler compiler, which was initialized with a keyword "asm". It was mainly used to create mouse and COM port drivers. The Forth programming language commonly contains an assembler used in CODE words.
Many people use an emulator to debug assembly-language programs.

Further details
Example of a selection of instructions (for a virtual computer) with the corresponding address in memory where each instruction will be placed. These addresses are not static, see memory management. Accompanying each instruction is the generated (by the assembler) object code that coincides with the virtual computer's architecture (or ISA).

Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία) is a classical Greek word commonly translated as 'happiness'. Etymologically, it consists of the word "eu" ("good" or "well being") and "daimōn" ("spirit" or "minor deity", used by extension to mean one's lot or fortune). Although popular usage of the term happiness refers to a state of mind, related to joy or pleasure, eudaimonia rarely has such connotations, and the less subjective "human flourishing" is often preferred as a translation.

Greek philosophy
Socrates' philosophy, as it is represented in Plato's early dialogues, contains two related claims about eudaimonia. The first is the strong inter-dependence of eudaimonia, virtue (aretē), and knowledge (epistemē): virtue is a sort of knowledge, perhaps 'knowledge of good and evil', and it is this knowledge that is required to reach the ultimate good, with eudaimonia being the prime candidate for this ultimate good. The second, sometimes called "psychological eudaimonism" or "Socratic intellectualism", is the claim that the ultimate good, eudaimonia, is what all human desires and actions aim to achieve.
Plato's middle dialogues present a somewhat different position. In the Republic, we find a moral psychology more complex than psychological eudaimonism: we do not only desire our ultimate good, rather the soul, or mind, has three motivating parts - a rational, spirited (approximately, emotional), and appetitive part - and each of these parts has its own desired ends. Eudaimonia, then, is not simply acquired through knowledge, it requires the correct psychic ordering of this tripartite soul: the rational part must govern the spirited and appetitive part, thereby correctly leading all desires and actions to eudaimonia and the principal constituent of eudaimonia, virtue.
According to Aristotle, the hierarchy of human purposes aim at eudaimonia as the highest, most inclusive end. This is the end that everyone in fact aims at, and it is the only end towards which it is worth undertaking means. Eudaimonia is constituted, according to Aristotle, not by honor, or wealth, or power, but by rational activity in accordance with virtue over a complete life. Such activity manifests the virtues of character, including courage, honesty, pride, friendliness, and wittiness; the intellectual virtues, such as rationality in judgment; and non-sacrificial (i.e. mutually beneficial) friendships and scientific knowledge (knowledge of things that are fundamental and/or unchanging is the best).
Epicurus agrees with Aristotle that happiness (eudaimonia) is the highest good. However, unlike Aristotle, he identifies happiness with pleasure. Epicurus presents two main arguments. The first defends the claim that pleasure is the only thing that people do, as a matter of fact, value for its own sake. The second, which fits in well with Epicurus' empiricism, supposedly lies in one's introspective experience: one immediately perceives that pleasure is good and that pain is bad, in the same way that one immediately perceives that fire is hot. Thus, as something immediately apparent, no further argument is needed to show the goodness of pleasure or the badness of pain. Although all pleasures are good and all pains evil, Epicurus does not believe that all pleasures are choiceworthy or all pains unchoiceworthy. Instead, one should calculate what is in one's long-term self-interest, and forgo what will bring pleasure in the short-term if doing so will ultimately lead to greater pleasure in the long-term.

In mathematics, a finite group is a group which has finitely many elements. Some aspects of the theory of finite groups were investigated in great depth in the twentieth century, in particular the local theory, and the theory of solvable groups and nilpotent groups. It is too much to hope for a complete determination of the structure of all finite groups: the number of possible structures soon becomes overwhelming. However, the twentieth century saw the classification of the finite simple groups, which may be viewed as the determination of the "building blocks" for all finite groups, as each finite group has a composition series.
Thanks to the work of mathematicians such Chevalley and Steinberg, the second half of the twentieth century also saw increased understanding of finite analogs of classical groups, and other related groups. One such family of groups is the family of general linear groups over finite fields. The group theorist J. L. Alperin has written that "The typical example of a finite group is GL(n,q), the general linear group of n dimensions over the field with q elements. The student who is introduced to the subject with other examples is being completely misled."
Finite groups often occur when considering symmetry of mathematical or physical objects, when those objects admit just a finite number of structure preserving transformations. The theory of Lie groups, which may be viewed as dealing with "continuous symmetry", is strongly influenced by the associated Weyl groups. These are finite groups generated by reflections which act on a finite dimensional Euclidean space. Thus properties of finite groups can play a role in subjects such as theoretical physics.

Number of groups of a given order
Given a positive integer n, it is not at all a routine matter to determine how many isomorphism types of groups of order n there are. Every group of prime order is cyclic, since Lagrange's theorem implies that the cyclic subgroup generated by any of its non-identity elements is the whole group. If n is the square of a prime, then there are exactly two possible isomorphism types of group of order n, both of which are abelian. If n is a higher power of a prime, then results of Graham Higman and Charles Sims give asymptotically correct estimates for the number of isomorphism types of groups of order n, and the number grows very rapidly as the power increases.
Depending on the prime factorization of n, some restrictions may be placed on the structure of groups of order n, as a consequence, for example, of results such as the Sylow theorems. For example, every group of order pq is cyclic when p and q are different primes with q less than p and p-1 not divisible by q. If n is squarefree, then any group of order n is solvable. A theorem of William Burnside, proved using group characters, states that every group of order n is solvable when n is divisible by fewer than three distinct primes. By the Feit-Thompson theorem, which has a long and complicated proof, every group of order n is solvable when n is odd.
There is a meaningful sense in which for every positive integer n, most groups of order n are solvable. To see this for any particular order is usually not difficult ( for example, there is (up to isomorphism) only one non-solvable group of order 60, while there are two non-isomorphic abelian groups of order 60 and several more isomorphism types of non-abelian solvable groups of order 60) but to make such a statement precise for all n requires the classification of finite simple groups. Without the classification theorem, it is not clear whether there is a constant bounding the number of isomorphism types of simple groups of order n ( with the benefit of the classification, it is known that the constant 2 is an upper bound for all n. Prior to the classification, it had long been known that there were infinitely many values of n for which two non-isomorphic simple groups of order n existed).

Charles Vincent "Vinnie" Chulk (born December 19, 1978 in Miami, Florida) is reliever for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball.

Toronto Blue Jays (2003-2006)
San Francisco Giants (2006-present) Professional career

Through September 3, 2007

John Laing plc is a British developer and operator of privately financed, public sector infrastructure projects such as roads, railways, hospitals and schools through Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and Private Finance Initiative (PFI) arrangements. Prior to being acquired by Henderson Private Equity in December 2006, John Laing plc was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

Today
John Laing can traces it roots back to 1848 when James Laing, along with this wife Ann Graham, and some employees which they had hired, built a house on a plot of land which they had bought for £30 in Cumberland. The £150 proceeds from the first house financed the build of the next two houses on the same plot of land, one of which was kept by the Laing Family to live in. The family and the business later moved near Carlisle.
When James Laing died in 1882, his son, John Laing took the helm. He began to undertake larger contracts. John William Laing, born in 1879 was working for the business before he was 20 years old, and so it became John Laing and Son.
By 1910, John William Laing was running the business solely and was very innovative. More employees were recruited, and larger projects were undertaken, including factory construction.
In 1920 the firm become a limited company and two years later, the headquarters moved from Carlisle to a 13-acre site in north - west London at Mill Hill.
William Kirby Laing and John Maurice Laing, the fifth generation of the founding family, joined in 1950.
John Laing plc was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1952 as John Laing & Sons (Holdings) Ltd. The family and its trusts and charities held the majority of the shares. John Laing became the chairman, and his sons became joint managing directors. By this time, the number of employees was up to 10,000, and every site had a quality supervisor.
John Laing retired in 1957 and two years later was given a knighthood, and so became Sir John Laing.
Under William Kirby Laing and James Maurice Laing, the company continued to successfully expand, winning contracts for more power stations and diversifying into road construction while continuing to build houses. In 1985, Martin Laing, of the sixth generation of the founding family, became chairman. That year, the company won contracts totaling almost £27 million.
Martin Laing determined that the company, now Britain's largest construction firm, should begin to diversify. Home construction in the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Spain, and California was now one of the major sources of the company's growth.
As the company celebrated its 150th anniversary in 1998, it faced falling profits due to cost overruns with the Millennium project and continued problems within its construction division related to competition and overcapacity.
In 1999, John Laing plc purchased a controlling interest in the Chiltern Rail franchise and by 2002 had transformed itself into two main divisions--homes and investments—it underwent yet another change when Sir Martin Laing retired in early 2002. Bill Forrester, a company director, took over as executive chairman. For the first time in its history, there was not a member of the founding family at the head of the firm; he remained a non – executive director and the family retained only 5.17% of the shares.

History
Over the years, John Laing's former construction division, Laing Construction, has undertaken a number of landmark projects including:
The M1 motorway completed in 1959, Coventry Cathedral completed in 1962, the Second Severn Crossing completed in 1996, the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff completed in 1999 and Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital completed in 2001.

The Transdanubian Medium Mountains (Hungarian: Dunántúli-középhegység) are a mountain range in Hungary covering about 7000 km². Its highest peak is the Pilis, with a height of 757 metres.

Subdivisions

Bakony

• Keszthely Mountains
  Tapolca Basin
  Balaton Uplands
  Southern Bakony
  Northern Bakony
  Bakonyalja, Sokoró, Vértesalja (Bársonyos)
  Vértes
  Velence Mountains
  Dunazug Mountains
  
  
  
  • Gerecse Mountains
    Buda Mountains
    Pilis Mountains
    Visegrád Mountains

Maple Leaf Foods TSX: MFI is a major Canadian food processing company.
The company was originally known as Maple Leaf. It was founded in 1927 as a merger of several major Toronto meat packers, most prominently William Davies Co., and was immediately Canada's largest food processor, a title it would hold for the next sixty years. Its main business was pork, and its massive operations processing hogs for export to the United Kingdom helped Toronto earn its nickname "Hogtown." Moving into western Canada it became Canada's largest beef slaughterer. It also moved into other markets producing well known brands such as Squirrel peanut butter and Black Diamond cheese. The company also developed a large bread division, best known for the Dempster's brand, which is Canada's best selling brand of bread, and includes San Francisco-area Grace Baking products.
During the 1980s the company began to suffer. It was purchased by the British Hillsdown Holdings who sold or closed most of its slaughterhouses and merged the firm with Maple Leaf Mills, and renaming it Maple Leaf Foods. These efforts were successful and the company returned to profitability.
After being successfully revived the company was purchased by Wallace McCain, formerly co-CEO of McCain Foods, who had been ousted by his brother and co-owner Harrison McCain, in 1995 along with the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan. In 2003 the company purchased rival Schneider Foods. The company is also one of Canada's largest agribusinesses, owning poultry and hog farms across the country. The main slaughterhouse is located in Brandon, Manitoba.

Records are for post 1900 only and need to be verified by a reference source, preferably the Elias Book of Baseball Records.

Pitching Records
Wins
Earned Run Average (ERA)
Strikeouts
Saves

Coordinates: 52°09′″N 09°57′″E / Expression error: Unexpected / operator, Expression error: Unexpected / operator
Hildesheim (help·info) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located in the district of Hildesheim, about 25 km southeast of Hanover on the banks of the Innerste river, which is a small tributary of the Leine river. It may be reached from Autobahn A7, which links Kassel, Göttingen and Hanover, and routes 1, 6, 243 and 494.

History
Other places of interest include the Theatre, offering opera, operetta and musicals, drama, ballet and concerts, the medieval-appearing half-timbered houses and the old Jewish quarter.

The historic Marketplace (Markt) was once considered one of the most beautiful marketplaces in the world. It was reconstructed in 1984-1990 to its former splendour, after its destruction in the 1945 air raid. The more noteworthy buildings in the square are:

• The Knochenhauer-Amtshaus ("Butchers' Guild Hall"), once known as a beautiful and fine specimen of half-timbered building. Destroyed in 1945, it was reconstructed from 1987 to 1989 according to original plans. The facade is sumptuously decorated with colorful paintings and German proverbs. Today the building houses a restaurant and the City Museum.
  The Town Hall, erected in the 13th century in Gothic style. Partly destroyed in 1945, it was rebuilt between 1954 and 1989.
  The Tempelhaus, a late-Gothic 15th-century patrician house, which today houses a bookshop and the tourist information office. It suffered some damage during the World war II but was restored in 1952.
  The Wedekindhaus, a 16th-century patrician house, is characterized by its high, ornately carved storeys including their ledges with depictions of allegorical figures.
  The Romanesque St. Mary's Cathedral, with its ancient bronze doors (Bernward's door) (c. 1015). The church was built in the 9th century, but damaged in 1945; it was reconstructed soon after the war. It is in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. The Thousand-Year-Old Rosebush is a 1,000 years old rose, allegedly the world's oldest living rose. It continues to flourish on the wall of the Cathedral.
  
  
  
  • Museum of the Cathedral: Cathedral Treasure.
    St. Michael's Church (UNESCO World Heritage Site) - a noteworthy early Romanesque church in Germany and a unique example of Ottonian architecture. It was built from 1010 to 1022.
    The Andreaskirche (St. Andrew's church), a 12th-century church with the highest church steeple of Lower Saxony.
    The Roemer-und-Pelizaeus-Museum, with significant collections from the ancient Egypt and Peru and spectacular special exhibitions organized every year. Main sights
    ¹ one district ² districts with two districts
    
    001 Mitte (central)
    002 Neustadt
    003 Nord (north) with Steuerwald
    004 Süd (south)
    005 Ost (east)
    006 Galgenberg and Marienburger Höhe
    007 Drispenstedt ¹
    008 West (west)
    009 Moritzberg
    010 Neuhof with Hildesheimer Wald ²
    011 Ochtersum ¹
    012 Marienrode ²
    013 Sorsum ¹
    014 Himmelsthür ¹
    015 Bavenstedt ¹
    016 Einum ¹
    017 Achtum-Uppen ¹
    018 Itzum ¹
    019 Marienburg Districts
    
    1911: Moritzberg
    1912: Steuerwald
    1938: Drispenstedt and Neuhof
    1971: Ochtersum
    1974: Achtum-Uppen, Bavenstedt, Einum, Himmelsthür, Itzum, Marienburg, Marienrode and Sorsum Incorporations
    ¹ census data
    
    List of mayors of Hildesheim
    
    Angoulême, France, since 1965
    Al Minya, Egypt, since 1975
    Weston-super-Mare, United Kingdom, since 1983
    Padang, Indonesia, co-op city since 1988
    Halle, Germany, friend partnership since 1990
    Gelendzhik, Russia, since 1992
    North Somerset, United Kingdom, since 1997
    Pavia, Italy, since 2000 Twinnings
    
    M'era Luna Festival, Europe's most important event of the gothic and wave scene
    Jazz festival every May or June Events of international interest
    Hildesheim is home to notable multinational corporations - besides many strong medium-sized companies - in Hildesheim are Blaupunkt, Bosch, Krupp, Thyssen, Fairshild, Phoenix and Coca-Cola.
    
    Economy
    Hildesheim has an efficient traffic infrastructure: it is a regional hub for interstate roads and railroad (InterCityExpress), is connected to the motorway (Autobahn), has a harbor at the artificial waterway Mittellandkanal and an airport.
    
    Notable people from Hildesheim
    
    

Mr. Mephisto was a video game originally developed and published for the Commodore 64 (C64) by Euro-byte. The C64 version was written by Dave Lucas with graphics by Graham Hunt.
The game consisted of a number of levels through which the player had to navigate to collect rings and then make it safely to an exit. A team of demons attempted to block the player's path. Contact with a demon resulted in instant death, and one or more scrolling staircases further hampered the player's progress.
Following success in the C64 market, Euro-byte commissioned a port of the game to the BBC Micro. However, no source code was available as the game had been coded in 6502 assembler directly into the C64's monitor program. The code was re-written from scratch. Eurobyte subsequently commissioned a version for the Acorn Electron, but this was never released.

Coordinates: 50°43′11″N 1°53′55″W / 50.7196, -1.8985
Westbourne is an a residential and shopping area of Bournemouth, Dorset. It is located in between Branksome, Poole and the centre of Bournemouth, just off the main A338. A high street, mainly full of specialised shops and small cafes, runs though the centre Westbourne. It is however mainly a residential zone.

Food and Drink
There are good bus links to both Bournemouth and Poole and the beach is a 15 minute walk away.

Although a nation composed of islands, the physical state and extent of Singapore's beaches today pales in comparison to their proliferation and quality two centuries ago. Rapid urbanisation and land use pressures necessitated the disappearance of most of these natural beaches as a result of land reclamation.
Today, most of the beaches still in existence are man-made, formed at the edges of newly reclaimed land, the longest being the one along the East Coast Park. One of the oldest naturally existing stretches of beach is at the northern end of Changi Beach.

On offshore islands

Palawan Beach
Siloso Beach
Tanjong Beach

Talk Radio, often branded on-air as Talk Radio 165, is a talk channel on XM Satellite Radio featuring terrestrial radio show simulcasts from around the country, most of which come from Premiere Radio Networks. Talk Radio is a channel for call-in talk shows, even though it was originally begun as a channel for experts and advice shows.
The channel is one of three produced by Clear Channel Communications exclusively for XM Radio, the others being Extreme XM and ReachMD. The channel is programmed out of Cincinnati, Ohio by Sean Compton.

Talk Radio (2006-)

Personalities

Jim Quinn & Rose Tennant - Hosts of The War Room with Quinn and Rose, a Pittsburgh based political talk show syndicated by Clear Channel-owned WPGB.
Glenn Beck - A popular mid-morning talk show host, currently third most popular in America with adults 25-54 according to the Fall Arbitron book. The show is syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Mike McConnell - Hosts a syndicated mid-weekday and Saturday mid-day show, both syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Dave Ramsey - Host of The Dave Ramsey Show, a weekday afternoon financial advice show. The show has been growing fast since the end of 2005, now syndicated to over 300 stations. The show is self-syndicated and also repeats on the Open Road channel (171) from 3AM-6AM EST - Tuesdays through Saturdays.
Bruce Williams - Evening host of The Bruce Williams Show, a 25-year-old business advice show. The show is syndicated by the Lifestyle Talk Radio Network, after a syndication run with Westwood One.
Rollye James - Late night host of The Rollye James Show, a general topic talk show syndicated by Mediatrix.
George Noory - Host of Coast to Coast AM Monday thru Friday nights. Coast to Coast AM is currently the most listened to overnight talk show in America. The show is syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Ron Wilson - Host of In the Garden with Ron Wilson, a gardening show that airs early Saturday mornings. The show is syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Gary Sullivan - Host of At Home with Gary Sullivan which airs live weekend mid-mornings. The show is syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Bob Costas - Famous sportscaster and host of the recently launched Costas on the Radio, which is syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Ian Punnett - Host of the Saturday evening edition of Coast to Coast, titled Coast to Coast Live, syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Art Bell - The weekend overnight host, and original creator, of Coast to Coast AM, syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks.
Selma Schimmel - Host of the Sunday afternoon cancer awareness show, The Group Room, syndicated by Syndicated Solutions.
Matt Drudge - Infamous creator and maintainer of The Drudge Report, and host of the Sunday late night radio show of the same name, which is syndicated by Premiere Radio Networks. Current

Ed Schultz - Mid-day liberal talk show host who used to do afternoon drives on 165. He was soon moved to broken timeslots on Extreme XM, until XM took him back on their Air America 167 channel.
Bill Handel - Saturday morning host of Handel on the Law. Show moved to Extreme XM.
Jesse Jackson - Sunday morning host of Keep Hope Alive. Show moved to Extreme XM.
G. Gordon Liddy - Mid-morning conservative talk show host. Show moved to America Right.
Paul Finebaum - Evening host of hour-long Alabama based talk show. The show was dropped from XM Radio in 2006.
Dr. Dean Edell - Host of daily medical advice show. This hour-long program went through a few timeslot changes before being moved to Extreme XM.
Dr. Laura - Former afternoon host who moved to America Right. Ed Schultz replaced her. Former

Programming Lineup

Saturdays

Allies spelled with a capital "A", usually denotes the countries who fought together against the Central Powers in World War I (see Triple Entente or Allies of World War I), or those who fought against the Axis Powers in World War II.
In general, allies are people or groups that have joined an alliance and are working together to achieve some common purpose. In general English usage, those who share a common goal and whose work toward that goal is complementary may be viewed as allies for various purposes even when no explicit agreement has been worked out between them. Similarly, when the term is used in the context of war or armed struggle, a formal military alliance is not required for being perceived as an ally—co-belligerence, to fight alongside someone, is enough. According to this general usage, allies become allies not when concluding an alliance treaty but when struck by war.
In the context of diversity politics, an ally has been defined as "a person of one social identity group who stands up in support of members of another group; typically a member of dominant group standing beside member(s) of a group being discriminated against or treated unjustly; e.g., a male arguing for equal pay for women." (This definition is adapted from one developed by the Arizona State University Intergroup Relations Center).

Flevoland pronunciation (help·info) is a province of the Netherlands. Located in the centre of the country, at the location of the former Zuiderzee, the province was established on January 1, 1986; the twelfth province of the country, with Lelystad as its capital. The province has approximately 370,000 inhabitants (2005) and consists of 6 municipalities.
After a flood in 1916, it was decided that the Zuiderzee, an inland sea within the Netherlands, would be enclosed and reclaimed: the Zuiderzee Works started. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk was completed, which closed off the sea completely. The Zuiderzee was subsequently called IJsselmeer (lake at the end of the river IJssel).
The first part of the new lake that was reclaimed was the Noordoostpolder (Northeast polder). This new land included the former islands of Urk and Schokland and it was included in the province of Overijssel. After this, other parts were reclaimed: the Southeastern part in 1957 and the Southwestern part in 1968. The municipalities on the three parts voted to become a separate province, which happened in 1986. At Flevoland there is a large mediumwave broadcasting facility called Mediumwave transmitter Flevoland.
Flevoland was named after Lacus Flevo, a name recorded in Roman sources for a large inland lake at the southern end of the later formed Zuiderzee. Draining the Flevoland polders found many wrecks of aircraft that crashed into the IJsselmeer during WWII, and also fossils of Pleistocene mammals.

The Flevolands, Zuiderzee Works

A Campingflight to Lowlands Paradise

Frank Julian Sprague (1857–1934) was an American naval officer and inventor who contributed to the development of the electric motor, electric railways, and electric elevators. His contributions were especially important in promoting urban development by increasing the size cities could reasonably attain (through better transportation) and by allowing greater concentration of business in commercial sections (through use of electric elevators in skyscrapers). He became known as the Father of Electric Traction.

Childhood, education
He was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Navy. During his ensuing naval service, he first served on the USS Richmond, then the USS Minnesota. While his ship was in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1881, Sprague invented the inverted type of dynamo. After he was transferred to the USS Lancaster, flagship of the European Squadron, he installed the first electric call-bell system on a U.S. Navy ship. Sprague took leave to attend the Paris Electrical Exhibition in 1881 and the Crystal Palace Exhibition in Sydenham, England in 1882, where he was on the jury of awards for gas engines, dynamos and lamps.

U.S. Navy, inventor
In 1883, Edward H. Johnson, a business associate of Thomas Edison, persuaded Sprague to resign his naval commission to work for Edison. One of Sprague's significant contributions to the Edison Laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey was the introduction of mathematical methods. Prior to his arrival, Edison conducted many costly trial-and-error experiments. Sprague's approach was to calculate using mathematics the optimum parameters and thus save much needless tinkering. He did important work for Edison, including correcting Edison's system of mains and feeders for central station distribution. In 1884, he decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere, and he left Edison to found the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company.
By 1886, Sprague's company had introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and a method to return power to the main supply systems of equipment driven by electric motors. His new motor was the first to maintain constant revolutions per minute under different loads. It was immediately popular, and was endorsed by Edison as the only practical electric motor available. His method of returning power to main supply systems was important in the development of the electric train and the electric elevator.

Joining the emerging electrical industry
Sprague's inventions included a system on streetcars for collecting electricity from overhead wires. His spring-loaded trolley pole, invented in 1880,[1] used a wheel to travel along the wire. In late 1887 and early 1888, using his trolley system, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system, the Richmond Union Passenger Railway in Richmond, Virginia. Long a transportation obstacle, the hills of Richmond included grades of over 10%, and were an excellent proving ground for acceptance of his new technology in other cities.
Within a year, electric power had replaced more costly horsecars in many cities. By 1889 110 electric railways incorporating Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents. In 1890, Edison, who manufactured most of Sprague's equipment, bought him out, and Sprague turned his attention to electric elevators.

Richmond: inventing the trolley-pole
While electrifying the streetcars of Richmond, the increased passenger capacity and speed gave Sprague the notion that similar results could be achieved in vertical transportation: electric elevators. He saw that increasing the capacity of elevator shaft ways would not only save passengers' time, but would also increase the earnings of tall buildings, the heights of which were limited by the total floor space taken up in the shaft ways by slow-running hydraulic-powered elevators.
In 1892, Sprague founded the Sprague Electric Elevator Company, and with Charles R. Pratt developed the Sprague-Pratt Electric Elevator. The company developed floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of car safeties and a number of freight elevators. The Spague-Pratt elevator ran faster and with bigger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 elevators had been installed worldwide. Sprague then sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company.

New York: Grand Central, elevators in skyscrapers
The effect of Sprague's developments in electric traction was to permit an expansion in the size of cities, while his development of the elevator permitted greater concentration in cities' commercial sections and increased the profitability of commercial buildings. Sprague's inventions over 100 years ago made possible modern light rail and rapid transit systems which still function on the same principles today.
Sprague was awarded the gold medal at the Paris Electrical Exhibition in 1889, the grand prize at the St. Louis Exhibition in 1904, the Elliott-Cresson Medal in 1904, the Edison Medal of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, now IEEE, in 1910 'For meritorious achievement in electrical science, engineering and arts as exemplified in his contributions thereto', the Franklin Medal in 1921 and the John Fritz Gold Medal (posthumously) in 1935.
"All through his life and up to his last day, Frank Sprague had a prodigious capacity for work," his son Robert wrote in 1935. "And once having made up his mind on a new invention or a new line of work, he was tireless and always striving for improvement. He had a brilliantly alert mind and was impatient of any half-way compromise. His interest in his work never ceased; only a few hours before the end, he asked to have a newly designed model of his latest invention brought to his bedside."
Frank and Harriet Sprague had two sons, Robert and Julian.
After Sprague died in 1934, his widow Harriet turned over a substantial amount of material from his collection to the New York Public Library, where it remains today accessible to the public via the rare books division. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, and she was interred beside him after her death in 1969.
In 1959, Harriet Sprague had donated funds for the Sprague Building at the Shore Line Trolley Museum at East Haven, Connecticut, not far from Sprague's boyhood home in Milford. The museum is the oldest operating trolley museum in the United States, and has one of the largest collections of trolley artifacts in the United States.
In 1999, two of Frank and Harriet's grandsons, John L. Sprague and Peter Sprague, cut the ribbon and started an 1884 Sprague motor at a new exhibit at the Shore Line Trolley Museum. There, a new permanent exhibit, "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer", will be available to help tell the story of the part electricity played in the growth of cities as well as the role of the Father of Electric Traction.

This is a list of the Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Suffolk. For other counties, see List of SSSIs by Area of Search.
England: Avon • Bedfordshire • Berkshire • Buckinghamshire • Cambridgeshire • Cheshire • Cleveland • Cornwall • County Durham • Cumbria • Derbyshire • Devon • Dorset • East Sussex • Essex • Gloucestershire • Greater London • Greater Manchester • Hampshire • Hereford and Worcester • Hertfordshire • Humberside • Isle of Wight • Kent • Lancashire • Leicestershire • Lincolnshire • Merseyside • Norfolk • North Yorkshire • Northamptonshire • Northumberland • Nottinghamshire • Oxfordshire • Shropshire • Somerset • South Yorkshire • Staffordshire • Suffolk • Surrey • Tyne and Wear • Warwickshire • West Midlands • West Sussex • West Yorkshire • Wiltshire Scotland: Angus and Dundee • Annandale and Eskdale • Badenoch and Strathspey • Banff and Buchan • Berwickshire and Roxburgh • Caithness • Clydesdale and South East Glasgow • Cumnock and Kyle • Dumbarton and North Glasgow • Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy • East Perth • East Ross and Cromarty • Edinburgh and West Lothian • Falkirk and Clackmannan • Gordon and Aberdeen • Inverness • Islay and Jura • Kincardine and Deeside • Kintyre • Lorne • Mid and East Lothian • Mid Argyll and Cowal • Moray and Nairn • Mull, Coll and Tiree • Nithsdale • North East Fife • North Lochaber • North West Sutherland • North Wester Ross and Cromarty • Orkney • Renfrew and Cunninghame • Rum and the Small Isles • Shetland • Skye and Lochalsh • South East Sutherland • South Lochaber • South Perth • South Wester Ross and Cromarty • Stirling • Tweeddale and Ettrick and Lauderdale • West Perth • Western Isles North • Western Isles South • Wigtown and Stewartry Wales: Brecknock • Carmarthen & Dinefwr • Ceredigion • Clwyd • East Gwynedd • Gwent • Mid & South Glamorgan • Montgomery • Preseli & South Pembrokeshire • Radnor • West Glamorgan • West Gwynedd
Abbey Wood, Flixton
Alde-ore Estuary
Aldeburgh Brick Pit
Aldeburgh Hall Pit
Arger Fen
Bangrove Wood, Ixworth
Barking Woods
Barnby Broad & Marshes
Barnham Heath
Bawdsey Cliff
Berner's Heath, Icklingham
Bixley Heath
Black Ditches, Cavenham
Blaxhall Heath
Blo' Norton And Thelnetham Fen
Bobbitshole, Belstead
Bradfield Woods
Breckland Farmland
Breckland Forest
Brent Eleigh Woods
Buckanay Farm Pit, Alderton
Bugg's Hole Fen, Thelnetham
Burgate Wood
Cavendish Woods
Cavenham - Icklingham Heaths
Cherry Hill And The Gallops, Barton Mills
Chillesford Church Pit
Chippenhall Green
Combs Wood
Cornard Mere, Little Cornard
Corton Cliffs
Crag Farm Pit, Sudbourne
Crag Pit, Aldeburgh
Crag Pit, Sutton
Cransford Meadow
Creeting St. Mary Pits
Deadman's Grave, Icklingham
Deben Estuary
Dew's Ponds
Edwardstone Woods
Elmsett Park Wood
Eriswell Low Warren
Fakenham Wood And Sapiston Great Grove
Ferry Cliff, Sutton
Flixton Quarry
Fox Fritillary Meadow, Framsden
Foxhole Heath, Eriswell
Freston And Cutler's Woods With Holbrook Park
Frithy And Chadacre Woods
Gedgrave Hall Pit
Gipping Great Wood
Glemsford Pits
Gosbeck Wood
Great Blakenham Pit
Gromford Meadow
Groton Wood
Gypsy Camp Meadows, Thrandeston
Hascot Hill Pit
Hay Wood, Whepstead
High House Meadows, Monewden
Hintlesham Woods
Holton Pit
Hopton Fen
Horringer Court Caves
How Hill Track
Hoxne Brick Pit
Iken Wood
Ipswich Heaths
Kentwell Woods
Knettishall Heath
Lackford Lakes
Lakenheath Poors Fen
Lakenheath Warren
Landguard Common
Laurel Farm Meadow St.james South Elmham
Leiston - Aldeburgh
Lineage Wood & Railway Track, Long Melford
Lingwood Meadows, Earl Stonham
Little Blakenham Pit
Little Heath, Barnham
London Road Industrial Estate, Brandon
Lordswell Field
Maidscross Hill
Major Farm, Braiseworth
Metfield Meadow
Mickfield Meadow
Middle Wood, Offton
Milden Thicks
Minsmere-walberswick Heaths And Marshes
Moat Farm Meadows, Otley
Monewden Meadows
Nacton Meadows
Neutral Farm Pit, Butley
Newbourn Springs
Norton Wood
Orwell Estuary
Pakefield To Easton Bavents
Pakenham Meadows
Pashford Poor's Fen, Lakenheath
Potton Hall Fields, Westleton
Raf Lakenheath
Ramsholt Cliff
Red House Farm Pit, Sudbourne
Red Lodge Heath
Redgrave And Lopham Fens
Rex Graham Reserve
Richmond Farm Pit, Gedgrave
Riverside House Meadow, Hasketon
Rockhall Wood Pit, Sutton
Round Hill Pit, Aldeburgh
Sandlings Forest
Sandy Lane Pit, Barham
Shaker's Lane, Bury St. Edmunds
Sinks Valley, Kesgrave
Sizewell Marshes
Snape Warren
Sotterley Park
Sprat's Water And Marshes, Carlton Colville
Stallode Wash, Lakenheath
Stanton Woods
Staverton Park And The Thicks, Wantisden
Stoke Tunnel Cutting, Ipswich
Stour Estuary
Sudbourne Park Pit
Sutton And Hollesley Heaths
The Gardens, Great Ashfield
The Glen Chalk Caves, Bury St. Edmund's
Thetford Heaths
Thorpe Morieux Woods
Titsal Wood, Shadingfield
Trundley And Wadgell's Wood, Great Thurlow
Tunstall Common
Valley Farm Pit, Sudbourne
Waldringfield Pit
Wangford Warren And Carr
Weather And Horn Heaths, Eriswell
West Stow Heath
Westhall Wood And Meadow
Weston Fen
Wilde Street Meadow
Wortham Ling

Agostino di Duccio (1418 – c. 1481) was an Italian early Renaissance sculptor.
Born in Florence, he worked in Prato with Donatello and Michelozzo, who influenced him greatly. In 1441, he was accused of stealing precious materials and was banished from his native city as a result. The following year he continued the work on the altar of S.  Geminiano for the Cathedral of Modena, a work noticeable for the influence of Michelozzo.
In 1446, he studied late Gothic sculpture in Venice and met Matteo de' Pasti who called on him to execute the sculptural decoration of the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini, where he stayed from 1449 and 1457. The decorations were supposed to be a sort of mediaeval encyclopedia, with inserts of pagan figures.
Between 1457 and 1462 he created the marble façade of the church of S. Bernardino at Perugia and the following years until 1470 he created many works especially in Florence, such as Madonna d'Auvillers for Piero de' Medici, now found at the Louvre. In 1473 he projected a triple-arched door for the church of S. Pietro in Perugia, inspired by Alberti, but the project was never executed. He died in 1481 in Perugia.

Michael Bruce Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, PC, (born 16 October 1954) is a Conservative & Unionist Party politician in the United Kingdom. Born Michael Bruce Forsyth, he served as Secretary of State for Scotland from 1995 to 1997, during which he led a high profile but ultimately unsuccessful campaign against the opposition parties' plans to establish a devolved Scottish Parliament.
He particularly homed in on the proposals for the parliament to have the power to vary the basic rate of income tax by up to three pence in the pound, which he repeatedly dubbed the "Tartan Tax". Forsyth's persistence was widely credited with prompting the Labour Party's unexpected decision - bitterly criticised by the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party - to separate out the tax-varying issue in a two-question referendum on devolution. However the "Tartan Tax" label was not enough to prevent the Scottish electorate ultimately voting in favour of the proposal by an almost two-to-one margin.
Forsyth first entered parliament for Stirling in the 1983 election, and lost his seat to Anne McGuire from Labour in the 1997 election. He was elevated to the House of Lords given a life peerage as Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, of Drumlean in Stirling. Forsyth worked in the City of London for investment bank, JPMorgan; latterly as Deputy Chairman; he stepped down from this position in July 2005.
From October 2005 to October 2006, he was Chairman of the Tax Reform Commission, established by the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne MP. The Commission reported on October 19 2006. Other Commission members included Sir Chris Gent, the former CEO of Vodafone and Chairman of GlaxoSmithKline.

The J/ψ is a subatomic particle, a flavor-neutral meson consisting of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark. Mesons formed by a bound state of a charm quark and a charm anti-quark are generally known as "charmonium." The J/ψ is the first excited state of charmonium (i.e, the form of the charmonium with the second-smallest rest mass). The J/ψ has a rest mass of 3096.9 MeV/c s. This lifetime was about a thousand times longer than expected. [1]
Its discovery was made independently by two research groups, one at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, headed by Burton Richter, and one at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, headed by Samuel Ting. They accidentally discovered they had found the same particle, and both announced their discoveries on November 11, 1974. The importance of this discovery is highlighted by the fact that the subsequent, rapid changes in high-energy physics at the time have become collectively known as the "November Revolution".
Richter and Ting were rewarded for their mutual discovery with the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The name
In a hot QCD medium, when the temperature is raised well beyond the deconfinement temperature, the J/ψ and its excitations are expected to melt. This is one of the predicted signals of the formation of the quark-gluon plasma. Several heavy-ion experiments at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron may have shown this phenomenon.